{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T17:04:37Z","timestamp":1758042277210,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL143788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL143788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Local epidemiologic data on risk factors for heart disease are needed in low-income settings to guide targeted interventions for prevention and treatment. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions (elevated blood pressure, blood sugar, waist circumference and cholesterol) that increases risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), however the gold-standard MetS definition requires laboratory testing which are be limited in low-income countries like Haiti. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MetS in urban Haiti and compare it to alternative nonlaboratory MetS definitions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is a cross-sectional analysis of enrollment data from the population-based Haiti CVD Cohort Study which includes 3,005 participants \u226518 years, in Port-au-Prince. Demographic, health behavior, and clinical data including laboratory tests were collected. Gold standard, harmonized MetS (MetS-H) was defined as having three or more of the following: elevated blood pressure (eBP), elevated waist circumference (eWC), elevated fasting glucose, reduced HDL-C or elevated triglycerides. Three nonlaboratory alternatives were defined as: MetS-1 (eBP, and eWC), MetS-2 (three or more of: eBP, eWC, family or personal history of CVD), and MetS-3 (four or more of: eBP, eWC, family or personal history of CVD, high alcohol intake, current\/former smoker, high fat intake). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each nonlaboratory MetS definition, compared to MetS-H. Associations between risk factors and MetS-H were assessed using multivariable log-binomial regressions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 2721 participants with a mean age of 42 years (SD 16), the prevalence of MetS-H was 21.2% (29.1% women, 10.4% men). Elevated blood pressure (82.9%), reduced HDL-C (81.7%) and elevated waist circumference (90.7%) were the most common components of MetS. The prevalence of nonlaboratory definitions were: MetS-1 22.5%, MetS-2 22.6%, and MetS-3 22.2%. Compared with MetS-H, MetS-1 had the highest sensitivity (74.4%, 95% CI: 70.6%, 77.9%) and the highest specificity (91.6%, 95% CI: 90.7%, 92.7%). Female sex and age &amp;gt;30 years were associated with MetS-H.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of MetS is high in urban Haiti and associated with older age and females. Simplified screening with nonlaboratory MetS definitions may be a pragmatic alternative to screening in low-income countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1651058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T13:47:32Z","timestamp":1757598452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capturing metabolic syndrome in low-resource settings: a case study in urban Haiti"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nour","family":"Mourra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Rouzier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Sufra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reichling","family":"St 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