{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T20:33:19Z","timestamp":1784233999583,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -promoter polymorphisms rs1800629 (\u2212308G&amp;gt;A) and rs361525 (\u2212238G&amp;gt;A) have been variably associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in different populations. This study evaluated these two polymorphisms in a cohort of Punjabi individuals from Pakistan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A case\u2013control study was conducted including 100 clinically diagnosed T2DM patients and 100 healthy controls. Genotyping of\n                      <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs1800629 and rs361525 was performed using allele\u2010specific ARMS-PCR and validated by sequencing. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium was assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The A alleles of rs1800629 and rs361525 were significantly more frequent in T2DM cases compared to controls (3.68% vs. 0.54%, OR\u00a0=\u00a06.779, p = 0.037 for rs1800629; 5.26% vs. 0.53%, OR\u00a0=\u00a09.684, p = 0.006 for rs361525). Fasting blood sugar level (FBS) of 150 \u00b1 45 mg\/dL was recorded in diabetic subjects. Multivariate and forest plot analyses supported the association of both variants with increased T2DM risk. Control group genotypes conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, validating population stability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this Punjabi cohort from Pakistan, the A alleles of TNF-\u03b1 promoter polymorphisms rs1800629 and rs361525 were significantly more frequent in T2DM cases, indicating that these variants increase susceptibility to T2DM in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1664411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T05:22:26Z","timestamp":1762320146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of TNF-\u03b1 polymorphisms rs1800629 (\u2212308G&gt;A) and rs361525 (\u2212238G&gt;A) with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Punjabi population of Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Waqar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsai-Sung","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Qadeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abohassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6275","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7644","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147644","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: the role of adipose tissues","volume":"22","author":"Dilworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: Early detection should be focused","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025300","article-title":"Diabetes Prevalence Survey of Pakistan (DPS-PAK): prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes using HbA1c: a population-based survey from Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Aamir","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/xce.0000000000000212","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes prevalence in Pakistan: what is driving this? 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