{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:36:10Z","timestamp":1793320570419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the associations between thyroid nodules and two emerging biomarkers-Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR) and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII)-in adults undergoing routine health checkups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 49,835 adults (65.50% male, 34.50% female) who underwent health checkups in 2023. Thyroid nodules were classified using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) categories (2, 3, \u22654). Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression, were used to evaluate the relationships between nodule prevalence, sex, age, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, METS-IR, and SII.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid nodules were detected in 60.12% of the participants. The prevalence of TI-RADS 2, 3, and \u22654 nodules were 20.61%, 37.81%, and 1.69%, respectively. Nodule prevalence was significantly higher in women (70.07%) than in men (54.87%, P &amp;lt; 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, TI-RADS categories 2, 3, and \u22654 nodules were independently associated with female sex and increasing age (all P &amp;lt; 0.001). Notably, TI-RADS 2 and 3 nodules exhibited an inverse association with serum TSH levels (P &amp;lt; 0.001 for both), whereas TI-RADS 3 and \u22654 nodules showed positive associations with elevated METS-IR and SII values (P &amp;lt; 0.05 for all comparisons).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid nodules are highly prevalent, particularly among women and older individuals. Lower-grade nodules (TI-RADS 2 and 3) show an inverse correlation with TSH levels, whereas higher-grade nodules (TI-RADS 3 and \u22654) are independently linked to increased insulin resistance (METS-IR) and systemic inflammation (SII). These findings suggest that METS-IR and SII could serve as valuable biomarkers for thyroid nodule assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1665432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T05:14:36Z","timestamp":1764652476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A study on the correlation of thyroid nodules with METS-IR and SII in a population undergoing health 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