{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:23:27Z","timestamp":1789057407015,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increased life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWHIV), due to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy, has been associated with a higher incidence of metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue redistribution. It has been demonstrated that the secretion of adipokines, particularly adiponectin, a key hormone in the regulation of inflammation and metabolism, is altered by these changes. This study it is intended to evaluate the HOMA-AD index and its correlations with metabolic, inflammatory, and obesity-related parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty participants were divided into five groups (PLWHIV, PLWHIV+preT2D, PLWHIV+T2D, PWT2D, and Controls). Clinical history, anthropometric data, and blood samples were collected to assess biochemical parameters. Adiponectin, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-8 levels were quantified by ELISA. HOMA2-IR, HOMA2-%B, HOMA2-%S, HOMA-AD, and surrogate IR indices (TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WHtR, METS-IR, QUICKI) were calculated. Adiposity indices (VAI, DAI) and inflammatory markers (TG\/HDL-C, NEU\/HDL-C, MON\/HDL, PLT\/HDL, NLR, PLR) were also evaluated. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS, GraphPad Prism, and RStudio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The discrimination of T2D in PLWHIV was effectively achieved by the indices HOMA-AD, TyG-WHtR, QUICKI, and METS-IR, with AUC values reaching up to 0.9. Moderate correlations were identified between HOMA-AD and METS-IR (R = 0.58), TyG-WHtR (R = 0.53), QUICKI (R = -0.90), DAI (R = 0.45), and VAI (R = 0.44), as well as inflammatory markers hs-CRP (R = 0.30), IL-6 (R = 0.25), and IL-18 (R = 0.27). A cutoff point of HOMA-AD &amp;gt;1 was associated with a significantly increased risk for T2D in PLWHIV (OR = 15.4; 95% CI: 2.79\u201379.5), x (OR = 1.97), and non-HIV T2D populations (OR = 9.53). These results highlight the importance of HOMA-AD and inflammatory markers in glycemic risk stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that the HOMA-AD index improves T2D detection in PLWHIV, likely due to its strong association with insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and adiposity. It emerges as a promising tool to evaluate metabolic and inflammatory status in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1669148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T04:13:52Z","timestamp":1759810432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["HOMA-AD, inflammation, and adipose tissue dysfunction as key drivers of immunometabolic risk in people living with HIV and type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elsa J.","family":"Anaya-Ambriz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania E.","family":"Holgu\u00edn-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula 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