{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:31:23Z","timestamp":1793640683337,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has recently been recognized as a public health issue because it is closely linked to metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review aims to discuss the bidirectional relationship between MASLD and T2DM and the similarities in their pathophysiology, which include insulin resistance (IR), lipogenesis, inflammation, and alterations in the gut microbiota. The incidence of MASLD has increased concomitantly with the obesity and diabetes pandemic, and more than 60% of individuals with T2DM have liver steatosis. The metabolic dysfunction is followed by adipokines, inflammatory mediators like TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and oxidative stress, which worsen NAFLD and lead to T2DM. Since MASLD is usually asymptomatic in its early stages, it is important to screen high-risk populations such as obese and metabolic syndrome patients to enable them to start treatment early. Lifestyle changes, including changes in diet, weight loss, and increased physical activity, are currently the mainstay of treatment for MASLD; however, the potential of new pharmacological approaches that act on insulin signaling, hepatic lipid metabolism, and inflammation to improve treatment is encouraging. Although the role of MASLD in the pathogenesis of T2DM has been well-documented, there are issues with standardizing the diagnostic criteria and the availability of effective treatments. This is because the multidisciplinary management of metabolic diseases needs hepatology, endocrinology, and public health measures to prevent a global epidemic. More studies are required to fully understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of MASLD-T2DM and search for specific treatment for high-risk patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1669478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:19:23Z","timestamp":1761542363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological links, epidemiological trends, and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Sarif","family":"Mohiuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noushin Tabassum","family":"Neha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawad Ul Karim","family":"Mahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fardin Al Fahad","family":"Shakib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Ashraful","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Wahiduzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashu","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakila Jahan","family":"Shimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahbubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Rafin","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossain","family":"Shariare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mohabbulla","family":"Mohib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Borhan","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010103","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: associations with fructose metabolism and gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Dro\u017cd\u017c","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2021.00178","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD): a multi-systemic disease beyond the liver","volume":"10","author":"Kaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00615.2024","article-title":"Glucose transporter 1 is essential to maintain brain endothelial cell homeostasis under hyperglycemia conditions","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0010","article-title":"MASLD: how is it different from NAFLD","volume":"29","author":"Gofton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32516","article-title":"The transition from NAFLD to MASLD: one size still does not fit all\u2014time for a tailored approach","volume":"76","author":"van Kleef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.09.022","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MASLD","volume":"14","author":"Kuchay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020468","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, and non-viral hepatocarcinoma: pathophysiological mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies","volume":"11","author":"Vetrano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00448-z","article-title":"The complex link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2014mechanisms and treatments","volume":"18","author":"Targher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0607-4","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: common pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Saponaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Diab. Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31894","article-title":"Emerging role of genomic analysis in clinical evaluation of lean individuals with NAFLD","volume":"74","author":"Vilarinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325356","article-title":"NAFLD in lean individuals: not a benign disease","volume":"71","author":"Francque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041097","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2014the chicken or the egg dilemma","volume":"11","author":"Kosmalski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119677","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic repercussions: the vicious cycle and its interplay with inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Frankowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Non-invasive screening, staging and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: what do we know so far","volume":"85","author":"Binet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2021.107879","article-title":"Importance of non-invasive liver fibrosis scores for mortality and complications development in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Leite","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01991-2","article-title":"Eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitor, reduces cirrhosis-associated changes of hepatocyte glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Mohib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020298","article-title":"Homeostasis of glucose and lipid in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.003","article-title":"Abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism in obesity: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"132","author":"Parekh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030729","article-title":"Multifactorial diseases of the heart, kidneys, lungs, and liver and incident cancer: epidemiology and shared mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14849","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes23052","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a state-of-the-art review","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2017.343","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lifestyle modifications, focusing on physical activity","volume":"33","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30358-2","article-title":"Burden of non-communicable diseases from infectious causes in 2017: a modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Coates","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200256","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-GMB-2020-0256","article-title":"Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective","volume":"44","author":"Ellwanger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet Mol Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85511-0.00002-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic complications of diabetes: a global perspective","author":"Pradeepa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chronic Complications Diabetes Mellitus"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2025.1234567","article-title":"Trends and projections of type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asia: a three-decade analysis and forecast through 2031 using global burden of disease study (1990\u20132021)","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/697240","article-title":"Diabetes and coronary heart disease: a risk factor for the global epidemic","volume":"2012","author":"Chiha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2023.101138","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction: the silenced connection with fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Mej\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes23052","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a state-of-the-art review","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.031","article-title":"Estimating global prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in overweight or obese adults","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i41.5910","article-title":"Epidemiology of liver cirrhosis and associated complications: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Riazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2023.0102","article-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122704","article-title":"Global impacts of Western diet and its effects on metabolism and health: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1058995","article-title":"Identifying advanced MASLD in a cohort of T2DM and clinical features","volume":"14","author":"Sanchez-Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15950","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep behaviors, and incident type 2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000321","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30696","article-title":"Unexpected rapid increase in the burden of NAFLD in China from 2008 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2021.20319","article-title":"The changing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Turkey in the last decade","volume":"32","author":"De\u011fertekin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s43066-024-00333-9","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated fatty liver disease among patients with diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Rahmanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. Liver J"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1291501","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a selective review of pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"11","author":"Habibullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1903","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Mantovani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1340604","article-title":"Association between liver enzymes and type 2 diabetes: a real-world study","volume":"15","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000296","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000296","article-title":"Association between liver enzymes and incident type 2 diabetes in Singapore Chinese men and women","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","article-title":"The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010103","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: associations with fructose metabolism and gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Dro\u017cd\u017c","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.03925","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes: the PHIGNA-DM2 study","volume":"39","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13264","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ballestri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.02.018","article-title":"Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00037","article-title":"Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance","volume":"4","author":"Cerf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2019.10.008","article-title":"Lifestyle modification in NAFLD\/NASH: facts and figures","volume":"1","author":"Hallsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_32_21","article-title":"Role of diet and lifestyle modification in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/166512","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: where do we stand today","volume":"19","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.017","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction associates with progression of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"155","author":"Ajmera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00159-6","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"8","author":"Tincopa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1002099","article-title":"Associations of lipid parameters with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients according to obesity status and metabolic goal achievement","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1159\/000539440","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"17","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32829","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"77","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30383-8","article-title":"FibroScan-AST (FAST) score for the non-invasive identification of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant activity and fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study","volume":"5","author":"Newsome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051375","article-title":"The coexistence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Kosmalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11430859","article-title":"Secondary causes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Kneeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2013-100403","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to diagnosis and staging","volume":"5","author":"Dyson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.06.005","article-title":"MRI and MRE for non-invasive quantitative assessment of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD and NASH: clinical trials to clinical practice","volume":"65","author":"Dulai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74392","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.74392","article-title":"Non-invasive ultrasound diagnostic techniques for steatotic liver disease and focal liver lesions: 2D, colour Doppler, 3D, two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE), and ultrasound-guided attenuation parameter (UGAP)","volume":"16","author":"Biris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03236-x","article-title":"Comparative study of ultrasound attenuation analysis and controlled attenuation parameter in the diagnosis and grading of liver steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.04.004","article-title":"Deep learning with ultrasound images enhances the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03368-0","article-title":"M Correlation of alanine aminotransferase levels and histological diagnosis of steatohepatitis with ultrasound-diagnosed metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in patients from Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Kolawole","year":"2024","journal-title":"O BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2022-0135","article-title":"Clinical significance of liver MR imaging","volume":"22","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.048","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging more accurately classifies steatosis and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease than transient elastography","volume":"150","author":"Imajo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcad069.493","article-title":"MRI spectroscopy as a diagnostic model for assessment of liver steatosis in NAFLD non-diabetic patients","volume":"116","author":"Foda","year":"2023","journal-title":"QJM: Int J Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5614\/sjrir.2023.1.2.6","article-title":"Evaluation of MRI-PDFF (magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction) as a non-invasive biomarker for liver steatosis in a Medan population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"1","author":"Armalia","year":"2023","journal-title":". Sriwijaya J Radiol Imaging Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65673-0","article-title":"Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and liver biopsy to assess hepatic steatosis in obesity","volume":"14","author":"Wibulpolprasert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2182","article-title":"Will MRI-PDFF become the new standard for steatosis assessment in NAFLD? Authors' reply","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170959","article-title":"Liver fat imaging\u2014a clinical overview of ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111850","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging methods to evaluate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with fat quantification: a review","volume":"13","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-023-00399-1","article-title":"CT-based methods for assessment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24452","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Hernaez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02768-3","article-title":"CT-based Hounsfield unit values reflect the degree of steatohepatitis in patients with low-grade fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classification of liver diseases in CT-scan images based on support vector machine and texture analysis","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2021"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081721","article-title":"Non-invasive measurement of hepatic fibrosis by transient elastography: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i32.7236","article-title":"Transient elastography (FibroScan\u00ae) with controlled attenuation parameter in the assessment of liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014where do we stand","volume":"22","author":"Mikolasevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20616","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020616","article-title":"Accuracy of FibroScan in analysis of liver fibrosis in patients with concomitant chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787303","article-title":"Do hepatic fibrosis and steatosis measured by hepatic transient elastography (FibroScan) predict cardiovascular risk in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an observational cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Goyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Cardiovasc Dis Women WINCARS"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/hf.2023.2023.0014","article-title":"The role of FibroScan in the era of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Forum"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/518238","article-title":"The utility of xenon-133 liver scan in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Al-Busafi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B87","first-page":"397","article-title":"Xenon-133 retention in hepatic steatosis\u2014correlation with liver biopsy in 45 patients: concise communication","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09972-2","article-title":"Correlation of histologic, imaging, and artificial intelligence features in NAFLD patients, derived from Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"33","author":"Bastati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31576","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current status and future perspective","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32729","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of liver disease severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes","volume":"78","author":"Pennisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101167","article-title":"Imaging biomarkers of NAFLD, NASH, and fibrosis","volume":"50","author":"Ajmera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6613827","article-title":"NAFLD, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus type 2","volume":"2021","author":"Maru\u0161i\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/984561","article-title":"Biomarkers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Neuman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020468","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, and non-viral hepatocarcinoma: pathophysiological mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies","volume":"11","author":"Vetrano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-00945-0","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a review of pathophysiology, clinical management and effects of weight loss","volume":"22","author":"Pouwels","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"Liver function tests","author":"Lala","year":"2023","journal-title":"StatPearls [Internet]"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14090960","article-title":"Intelligent liver function testing (ILFT): an intelligent laboratory approach to identifying chronic liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Nobes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13090","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serological biomarkers for detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and\/or advanced liver fibrosis in people living with HIV","volume":"22","author":"Yanavich","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jrnms-101-74","article-title":"The interpretation and management of abnormal liver function tests","volume":"101","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Nav. Med Serv"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/166512","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: where do we stand today","volume":"19","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S38440","article-title":"Significance of HbA1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients","volume":"11","author":"Sherwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"biomark Insights"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2018-205218","article-title":"HbA1c: a review of non-glycaemic variables","volume":"72","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31828","article-title":"Glycemic control predicts severity of hepatocyte ballooning and hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"74","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B104","article-title":"Glucose tolerance test","author":"Eyth","year":"2023","journal-title":"StatPearls [Internet]"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084156","article-title":"). Role of insulin resistance in MASLD","volume":"22","author":"Sakurai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.26886\/2413-4243.6.2023.7","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects","author":"Bentsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Suchasna Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18705\/2311-4495-2023-10-3-146-153","article-title":"). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: modern imaging modalities","volume":"10","author":"Babenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13653","article-title":"Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: why liver biopsy is essential","volume":"38","author":"Bedossa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13654","article-title":"Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: non-invasive tests are enough","volume":"38","author":"Castera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/145754","article-title":"Diagnosis and evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"2012","author":"Obika","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2023.00040","article-title":"liquid liver biopsy for disease diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Tsoneva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"). The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114244","article-title":"Targeting PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in obesity","volume":"159","author":"Savova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214113109","article-title":"Distinct mTORC1 pathways for transcription and cleavage of SREBP-1c","volume":"109","author":"Quinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102401","article-title":"Paradoxical activation of SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ATP-citrate lyase depletion in obese mice","volume":"298","author":"Yenilmez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.02.015","article-title":"Activation of liver mTORC1 protects against NASH via dual regulation of VLDL-TAG secretion and de novo lipogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Uehara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04401-3","article-title":"Contribution of specific ceramides to obesity-associated metabolic diseases","volume":"79","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.006","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and toxicity in the heart","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030155","article-title":"Insulin resistance across the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Armandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2023.00040","article-title":"Liquid liver biopsy for disease diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Tsoneva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114244","article-title":"Targeting PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in obesity","volume":"159","author":"Savova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214113109","article-title":"Distinct mTORC1 pathways for transcription and cleavage of SREBP-1c","volume":"109","author":"Quinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102401","article-title":"Paradoxical activation of SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ATP-citrate lyase depletion in obese mice","volume":"298","author":"Yenilmez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.02.015","article-title":"Activation of liver mTORC1 protects against NASH via dual regulation of VLDL-TAG secretion and de novo lipogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Uehara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04401-3","article-title":"Contribution of specific ceramides to obesity-associated metabolic diseases","volume":"79","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.006","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and toxicity in the heart","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030155","article-title":"Insulin resistance across the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Armandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2023.00040","article-title":"Liquid liver biopsy for disease diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Tsoneva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114244","article-title":"Targeting PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in obesity","volume":"159","author":"Savova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214113109","article-title":"Distinct mTORC1 pathways for transcription and cleavage of SREBP-1c","volume":"109","author":"Quinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102401","article-title":"Paradoxical activation of SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ATP-citrate lyase depletion in obese mice","volume":"298","author":"Yenilmez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.02.015","article-title":"Activation of liver mTORC1 protects against NASH via dual regulation of VLDL-TAG secretion and de novo lipogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Uehara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04401-3","article-title":"Contribution of specific ceramides to obesity-associated metabolic diseases","volume":"79","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.006","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and toxicity in the heart","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030155","article-title":"Insulin resistance across the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Armandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2023.00040","article-title":"Liquid liver biopsy for disease diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Tsoneva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114244","article-title":"Targeting PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in obesity","volume":"159","author":"Savova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214113109","article-title":"Distinct mTORC1 pathways for transcription and cleavage of SREBP-1c","volume":"109","author":"Quinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102401","article-title":"Paradoxical activation of SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ATP-citrate lyase depletion in obese mice","volume":"298","author":"Yenilmez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.02.015","article-title":"Activation of liver mTORC1 protects against NASH via dual regulation of VLDL-TAG secretion and de novo lipogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Uehara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04401-3","article-title":"Contribution of specific ceramides to obesity-associated metabolic diseases","volume":"79","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.006","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and toxicity in the heart","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030155","article-title":"Insulin resistance across the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Armandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.009094","article-title":"The role of C16:0 ceramide in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"294","author":"Raichur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.08.002","article-title":"Obesity-induced CerS6-dependent C16:0 ceramide production promotes weight gain and glucose intolerance","volume":"20","author":"Turpin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00483","article-title":"Ceramide synthases are attractive drug targets for treating metabolic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Raichur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57144","article-title":"Ceramides as modulators of cellular and whole-body metabolism","volume":"121","author":"Bikman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M043208","article-title":"Inhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis reduces liver lipid accumulation in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Kurek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipid Res"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00577","article-title":"The role of ceramides in insulin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Sokolowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.06.007","article-title":"Targeted induction of ceramide degradation leads to improved systemic metabolism and reduced hepatic steatosis","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00323-3","article-title":"Ceramide metabolism and its roles in energy homeostasis and human diseases","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeting Ther"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.254607","article-title":"Dynamic modification of sphingomyelin in lipid microdomains controls development of obesity, fatty liver, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"286","author":"Mitsutake","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413365200","article-title":"Acid ceramidase overexpression prevents the inhibitory effects of saturated fatty acids on insulin signaling","volume":"280","author":"Chavez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.10.002","article-title":"Adipocyte ceramides regulate subcutaneous adipose browning, inflammation, and metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.91014.2008","article-title":"Central role of ceramide biosynthesis in body weight regulation, energy metabolism, and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"297","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081682","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism in the regulation of obesity\/type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Guitton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86013","article-title":"Insulin receptor Thr1160 phosphorylation mediates lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"126","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313478200","article-title":"Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"279","author":"Samuel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2893-0","article-title":"Distinct patterns of tissue-specific lipid accumulation during the induction of insulin resistance in mice by high-fat feeding","volume":"56","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13478","article-title":"The role of hepatic lipids in hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"510","author":"Perry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M704817200","article-title":"Suppression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2), but not DGAT1, with antisense oligonucleotides reverses diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance","volume":"282","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.023","article-title":"Diacylglycerol activation of protein kinase C\u03f5 and hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Jornayvaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.7.2005","article-title":"Lipid-induced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and I\u03baB-\u03b1","volume":"51","author":"Itani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112213","article-title":"Adiponectin: a promising target for the treatment of diabetes and its complications","volume":"13","author":"Begum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.011","article-title":"Adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk","volume":"23","author":"Stern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01369.x","article-title":"Resistin: functional roles and therapeutic considerations for cardiovascular disease","volume":"165","author":"Jamaluddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020452","article-title":"The roles and associated mechanisms of adipokines in development of metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218308","article-title":"Roles of adipokines in digestive diseases: markers of inflammation, metabolic alteration and disease progression","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062150","article-title":"Associations between adipokines and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease using three different diagnostic criteria","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00071","article-title":"Adipokines mediate inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"4","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.12.007","article-title":"Role of leptin and adiponectin in insulin resistance","volume":"417","author":"Yadav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00506-9","article-title":"The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Vachliotis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.12.008","article-title":"NF-\u03baB, inflammation, and metabolic disease","volume":"13","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415791","article-title":"Genetic and diet-induced animal models for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) research","volume":"23","author":"Flessa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041781","article-title":"IL-6 reduces mitochondrial replication, and IL-6 receptors reduce chronic inflammation in NAFLD and type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Skuratovskaia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100811","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes mellitus as growing aetiologies of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Talamantes","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154338","article-title":"Macrophages, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: a mutual ambiguous relationship in the development of metabolic diseases","volume":"11","author":"P\u00fcschel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88881","article-title":"Liver inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.708978","article-title":"Hepatic macrophage as a key player in fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803037","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and its role in liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003834","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in liver transplantation and underlying diseases: new insights and therapeutics","volume":"105","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Rains","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12081","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis","author":"Padgett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann N Y. Acad Sci"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1188829","article-title":"Role of NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in hepatic insulin resistance and the ameliorative effect of phytochemical intervention","volume":"14","author":"de Deus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2024.101806","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: pathophysiological concepts and medical perspective in chronic liver diseases","volume":"74","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014449","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the gut microbiome, and diet","volume":"8","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041082","article-title":"Gut microbiome, intestinal permeability, and tissue bacteria in metabolic disease: perpetrators or bystanders","volume":"12","author":"Chakaroun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.06.001","article-title":"The gut vascular barrier: a new player in the gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis","volume":"27","author":"Brescia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01615-2","article-title":"Gut-liver-brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeting Ther"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i40.6141","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota via the gut-liver-brain axis in digestive diseases","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00587-1","article-title":"Unlocking gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis communication metabolites: energy metabolism, immunity and barriers","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.62347\/ZWSR4476","article-title":"Role of gut-brain axis dysregulation in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"17","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000439402","article-title":"Mechanism of ER stress and inflammation for hepatic insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"67","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02137-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis: relationships among the vagus nerve, gut microbiota, obesity, and diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Longo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.352648","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and glial activation in the central nervous system: a metabolic perspective","volume":"18","author":"Virtuoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14221","article-title":"Vagal mechanisms as neuromodulatory targets for the treatment of metabolic disease","volume":"1454","author":"Berthoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y. Acad Sci"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab164","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms that alter the autonomic brain\u2013liver communication in metabolic diseases","volume":"162","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70329","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70329","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions: the bridge between inflammatory bowel disease and the gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00558-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation and its implications on neuropathic pain: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"13","author":"Corriero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: a door to the body","volume":"12","author":"Cristofori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.38","article-title":"New insights into therapeutic strategies for gut microbiota modulation in inflammatory diseases","volume":"5","author":"Vieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01384-z","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in metabolic diseases: mechanisms and advances in clinical study","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeting Ther"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.004705","article-title":"Epigenetics in adipose tissue, obesity, weight loss, and diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1213916","article-title":"Advances in genetic variation in metabolism-related fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3313","article-title":"MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders","volume":"13","author":"Rottiers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-020-00714-0","article-title":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as new tools for cancer therapy: first steps from bench to bedside","volume":"15","author":"Ratti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Targeting Oncol"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09284","article-title":"Association between patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) polymorphisms and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a HuGE review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2018.00013","article-title":"The genetics of clinical liver diseases: insight into the TM6SF2 E167K variant","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2024.134682","article-title":"Association of GCKR and MBOAT7 genetic polymorphisms with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Chavan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A17","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300867.25","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 Gly482Ser polymorphism increases the susceptibility to NAFLD in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1050049","article-title":"Identification of shared genetic architecture between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: a genome-wide analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00295-2","article-title":"Pathogenic gene connections in type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a bioinformatics analysis and mouse model investigations","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32559","article-title":"Role of bile acids and the farnesoid X receptor in hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"76","author":"Fuchs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800339-JLR200","article-title":"FXR-deficiency induces nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in LDLR\u2013\/\u2013 mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"50","author":"Kong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13949","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of autophagy by an FXR-CREB axis","volume":"516","author":"Seok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506982103","article-title":"Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503136200","article-title":"The farnesoid X receptor modulates adiposity and peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice","volume":"280","author":"Cariou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304086","article-title":"Yin Yang 1 promotes hepatic steatosis through repression of farnesoid X receptor in obese mice","volume":"63","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.010","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis exacerbated by endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated downregulation of FXR in aging mice","volume":"60","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13606","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid alleviates hepatic steatosis through modulating lipid metabolism pathways","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2008","article-title":"Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation","volume":"89","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28709","article-title":"Bile acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Arab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29681","article-title":"Suppressed hepatic bile acid signaling despite elevated production of primary and secondary bile acids in NAFLD","volume":"67","author":"Jiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0079","article-title":"Update on FXR biology: promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases","volume":"44","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.04.017","article-title":"Macrophages in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: crosstalk with metabolism","volume":"71","author":"Lefere","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.63723","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114244","article-title":"and Hristova, D Targeting PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in obesity","volume":"159","author":"Savova","year":"2023","journal-title":"S Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214303109","article-title":"Distinct mTORC1 pathways for transcription and cleavage of SREBP-1c","volume":"109","author":"Quinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.01.007","article-title":"Activation of liver mTORC1 protects against NASH via dual regulation of VLDL-TAG secretion and de novo lipogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Uehara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04365-3","article-title":"Contribution of specific ceramides to obesity-associated metabolic diseases","volume":"79","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.006","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and toxicity in the heart","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0283","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030155","article-title":"Insulin resistance across the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Armandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1149239","article-title":"The crucial role and mechanism of insulin resistance in metabolic disease","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101238","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"50","author":"Heeren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23280","article-title":"Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications","volume":"51","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i26.3540","article-title":"Metabolic liver disease of obesity and role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Qureshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101383","article-title":"Regulation and metabolic significance of de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissues","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.04.003","article-title":"Hepatic selective insulin resistance at the intersection of insulin signaling and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"36","author":"Bo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dof.2010.035.08.1510016","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor: acting through bile acids to treat metabolic disorders","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs Future"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00843-0","article-title":"Hepatic glucose metabolism in the steatotic liver","volume":"21","author":"Scoditti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134018","article-title":"Obesity-induced excess of 17-hydroxyprogesterone promotes hyperglycemia through activation of glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"130","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lifem\/load007","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes originated from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"2","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Metab"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1138019","article-title":"Adiponectin signaling in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.09.003","article-title":"Adiponectin receptors: a review of their structure, function and how they work","volume":"28","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109037200","article-title":"). Hydroxylation and glycosylation of adiponectin regulate its multimerization and secretion","volume":"277","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2277","article-title":"Receptor-mediated activation of ceramidase activity initiates the pleiotropic actions of adiponectin","volume":"17","author":"Holland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.07.008","article-title":"Inducible overexpression of adiponectin receptors highlight the roles of adiponectin-induced ceramidase signaling in lipid and glucose homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Holland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1669478\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:19:27Z","timestamp":1761542367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1669478\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":255,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1669478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1669478","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"article-number":"1669478"}}