{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:33:25Z","timestamp":1778866405039,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["317770, 326980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317770, 326980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016931","name":"Havforskningsinstituttet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016931","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reduced feed intake is a common stress response in Atlantic salmon (\n                    <jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), yet the interaction between the stress-related hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013interrenal (HPI) axis and the appetite-regulating hypothalamic melanocortin system remains poorly understood. This study explored the potential cross-regulatory interaction between these two systems by assessing feed intake, gastrointestinal content, and hypothalamic mRNA expression of\n                    <jats:italic>crf1<\/jats:italic>\n                    paralogs, a key factor in stress handling, and appetite-related genes\n                    <jats:italic>npy<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>agrp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pomc<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>cart<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Atlantic salmon parr exposed to 21 days of unpredictable chronic stress, followed by a novel acute stressor. Our results indicated that regulation of the HPI axis and appetite-regulatory mechanisms appeared to depend on the type and duration of stress. Chronic stress reduced feed intake and gut content and increased feed conversion ratio, without changes in hypothalamic\n                    <jats:italic>crf1<\/jats:italic>\n                    paralog expression but with reduced orexigenic\n                    <jats:italic>npya1<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcript levels. Simultaneously, levels of the anorexigenic\n                    <jats:italic>cart2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcript variant were also reduced, possibly reflecting a compensatory response to prolonged appetite suppression. In contrast, exposure to the novel acute stressor induced a transient increase in\n                    <jats:italic>crf1<\/jats:italic>\n                    paralogs and upregulated orexigenic neuropeptides\n                    <jats:italic>npya1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>npya2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting compensatory regulation to counteract stress-induced anorexia. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>cart2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression normalized to control levels, possibly reflecting an acute stress-induced compensatory response restoring appetite regulation. These results highlight a dynamic, stress-duration-dependent interaction between stress and appetite-regulatory systems in Atlantic salmon.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1685870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T05:22:20Z","timestamp":1762320140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cross-regulatory interaction between the HPI axis and appetite regulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr under chronic and acute stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Floriana","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivar","family":"R\u00f8nnestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars Helge","family":"Stien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelico","family":"Madaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.01.001","article-title":"The relationship between acute stress, food intake, endocrine status and life history stage in juvenile farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar","volume":"275","author":"Pankhurst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.11.036","article-title":"Effects of cyclic environmental hypoxia on physiology and feed intake of post-smolt Atlantic salmon: Initial responses and acclimation","author":"Remen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.120535","article-title":"Stress in Atlantic salmon: response to unpredictable chronic stress","volume":"218","author":"Madaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1646208","article-title":"Influence of water temperature on feed intake, appetite control, and energy allocation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt","volume":"16","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. 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