{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:45:35Z","timestamp":1785174335954,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thermal ablation (TA) is increasingly used as a minimally invasive treatment for thyroid nodules; however, its influence on thyroid autoimmunity remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate longitudinal changes in thyroid autoantibodies and identify relevant risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study included 222 patients who underwent TA between April 2020 and September 2023. Serum levels of anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) were measured at baseline and at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months post-ablation. Antibody trajectories, abnormality rates, and associated risk factors were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TGAb and TRAb levels increased significantly at all post-ablation time points compared to baseline (all p &amp;lt; 0.05), while TPOAb showed a delayed but significant elevation beginning at 6 months. New-onset antibody positivity was observed in 16.2% of patients, including 9.0% with transient elevations, 4.1% with persistent positivity, and 3.2% with late-onset elevation. Among patients with transient elevations, 93.1% normalized within 24 months. At the 1-month follow-up, patients with benign nodules had more frequent antibody abnormalities than those with papillary thyroid carcinoma (9.5% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 2.7%, p = 0.045), although no significant differences were observed at subsequent time points. Multivariate analysis identified papillary thyroid carcinoma (OR = 7.70, p = 0.035), baseline TGAb (OR = 1.08, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and baseline TPOAb (OR = 1.12, p = 0.023) as independent predictors of post-ablation antibody abnormalities. ROC analysis demonstrated that a baseline TGAb level \u226517.32 IU\/mL had moderate predictive value (AUC = 0.746), with a specificity of 85.5% and a negative predictive value of 91.9%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thermal ablation was associated with transient increases in thyroid autoantibodies. A baseline TGAb level \u226517.32 IU\/mL, elevated TPOAb, and a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma are associated with increased risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1689115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T04:13:03Z","timestamp":1761019983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes of thyroid antibodies after thermal ablation of thyroid nodules: a retrospective 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