{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:47:55Z","timestamp":1792180075429,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore the relationship between METS-VF and BRI with OA risk in DM or Pre-DM patients, evaluate their predictive value, and assess the additive effect of their combined application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We utilized data from the NHANES 1999-2020, including adult participants diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to analyze the association between METS-VF and BRI with OA risk, while RCS models were used to explore non-linear relationships. ROC curves were generated to evaluate the predictive value of these indicators for osteoarthritis and determine optimal cut-off values. Based on these cut-offs, participants were divided into four groups to further assess the impact of different combinations on osteoarthritis risk, followed by subgroup analyses. Finally, we analyzed the additive predictive effect of combining METS-VF and BRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2,614 patients with diabetes or prediabetes were included, of whom 450 (17.21%) were diagnosed with osteoarthritis. Multivariable analysis revealed that both METS-VF and BRI were significantly associated with OA risk (METS-VF: OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 2.24-7.19, p&amp;lt;0.0001; BRI: OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.60-4.85, p&amp;lt;0.001). RCS analysis demonstrated a non-linear relationship between METS-VF and osteoarthritis risk, while BRI exhibited a linear relationship with OA risk. ROC analysis determined optimal cut-off values of 7.25 for METS-VF and 5.87 for BRI. Compared to the \u201cLow BRI and Low METS-VF\u201d group, the \u201cHigh BRI and Low METS-VF\u201d group showed an increased risk of OA, although not statistically significant (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 0.92-3.27, p=0.93). Additive effect analysis found that the combination of BRI and METS-VF (AUC = 0.650) showed no statistical advantage over BRI alone (AUC = 0.632) or METS-VF alone (AUC = 0.650) (DeLong test p&amp;gt;0.05 for both comparisons). Continuous NRI and IDI analyses further confirmed that the combination of BRI and METS-VF did not demonstrate significant additive effects compared to either indicator alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>METS-VF and BRI are independent predictors of OA risk in patients with diabetes or prediabetes, but their combined application does not enhance predictive value. This suggests that in clinical practice, for OA risk assessment in patients with diabetes or prediabetes, either BRI or METS-VF can be selected individually, without the necessity of evaluating both simultaneously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1690153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T10:00:37Z","timestamp":1769767237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations of METS-VF and BRI with risk of osteoarthritis in patients with diabetes or prediabetes: evidence from the NHANES 1999\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wanqing","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Joint Surgery, Lanxi People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Lanxi, Zhejiang, 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Tongling People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Tongling People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinpeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Tongling People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Tongling People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Joint Surgery, Lanxi People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Lanxi, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16072","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.72","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"2","author":"Martel-Pelletier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30417-9","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"393","author":"Hunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34453","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an 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