{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:23:19Z","timestamp":1788780199327,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism. The independent association between sleep apnea\u2013specific novel hypoxic metrics and metabolic dysregulation in OSA, however, remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anthropometric and polysomnographic data were obtained from OSA patients treated. Novel hypoxic indices\u2014percentage of sleep time with the duration of respiratory events causing desaturation (pRED_3p) and sleep breathing impairment index (SBII)\u2014were derived from the SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      channel. Biochemical parameters were simultaneously assessed. Multiple linear regression models were applied to examine independent associations of pRED_3p, SBII, and apnea\u2013hypopnea index (AHI) with glucose and lipid profiles. Logistic regression was further performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for abnormal glucose and lipid parameters across quartiles of pRED_3p, SBII, and AHI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After controlling for confounding variables, pRED_3p demonstrated significant associations with fasting blood glucose (FBG) (\u03b2=0.122), fasting insulin (FIN) (\u03b2=0.410), HOMA-IR (\u03b2=0.325), total cholesterol (TC) (\u03b2=0.309), triglycerides (TG) (\u03b2=0.173), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (\u03b2=0.260), TC\/HDL-C (\u03b2=0.182), TG\/HDL-C (\u03b2=0.121), LDL-C\/HDL-C (\u03b2=0.195), AI (\u03b2=0.182), LCI (\u03b2=0.663), visceral adiposity index (VAI) (\u03b2=0.115), and lipid accumulation product (LAP) (\u03b2=0.139). SBII was independently related to FBG (\u03b2=0.079), FIN (\u03b2=0.240), HOMA-IR (\u03b2=0.191), TC (\u03b2=0.179), TG (\u03b2=0.115), LDL-C (\u03b2=0.139), LDL-C\/HDL-C (\u03b2=0.081), LCI (\u03b2=0.093), and LAP (\u03b2=0.098), all with\n                      <jats:italic>p&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.05. In quartile-based comparisons, higher pRED_3p categories corresponded to progressively increased ORs for elevated FBG (2.372, 4.054, and 4.131), hyperinsulinemia (5.789, 22.644, and 26.188), high HOMA-IR (6.655, 36.637, and 43.807), hypercholesterolemia (2.751, 7.109, and 9.607), hypertriglyceridemia (1.976, 4.248, and 4.412), and elevated LDL-C (3.593, 8.050, and 12.048). Similarly, higher SBII quartiles were associated with increased ORs for elevated FBG (1.863, 3.819, and 3.874), hyperinsulinemia (5.002, 25.085, and 25.942), high HOMA-IR (5.879, 35.603, and 51.799), hypercholesterolemia (3.074, 7.297, and 8.867), hypertriglyceridemia (1.963, 4.101, and 4.757), and elevated LDL-C (3.627, 7.684, and 11.515). All linear trends were positive (\n                      <jats:italic>p&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>pRED_3p and SBII were associated not only with established glucose and lipid metabolism parameters\u2014including elevated FBG, FIN, HOMA-IR, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated LDL-C\u2014but also with composite lipid indices, exhibiting consistent linear trends. Greater OSA severity corresponded to more marked disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism. These novel hypoxic metrics may serve as predictive indicators for metabolic dysregulation in OSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1691429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:55:57Z","timestamp":1769064957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between sleep apnea-specific novel hypoxic metrics and disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yujiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine Center, the NO.983 Hospital of The People\u2019s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meirong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnea: a literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.069","article-title":"Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences","volume":"69","author":"Javaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll 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