{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T17:17:32Z","timestamp":1794071852458,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting various physiological systems and tissues, including the reproductive organs in men. However, the consequences of DM for male individuals undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the sperm quality and the outcomes of\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      fertilization - embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection - embryo transfer (ICSI-ET) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed data from 318 infertile couples for IVF\/ICSI cycle outcomes. The experimental group included 106 infertile couples (with male partners all diagnosed with T2DM) who underwent ART treatment at our center. The negative control group consisted of 212 non-diabetic infertile couples, matched by male\/female body mass index (BMI) (\u00b1\u00a01 kg\/m\u00b2), male\/female age (\u00b1\u00a02 years), and serum anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) levels (\u00b1\u00a02 ng\/mL). Patients were categorized into two groups based on clinical pregnancy. The \u03c7\u00b2 test and logistic regression analysis were used to identify and determine the influencing factors of clinical pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infertile men with T2DM had significantly lower sperm volume (2.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2 vs. 2.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and significantly decreased sperm motility compared to the control group (23.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017.2 vs. 29.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015.3, P &amp;lt; 0.01). In IVF\/ICSI cycles, both groups exhibited similar results in two-pronuclear (2PN) fertilization rates and high-grade embryo rates (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). The implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate also showed no significant differences (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T2DM in infertile men exerts adverse effects on sperm quality; however, the decline in sperm quality did not translate into compromised clinical ART outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1692746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:29:24Z","timestamp":1767590964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on sperm quality and outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques in infertile male patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meisong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061644","article-title":"Infertility: practical clinical issues for routine investigation of the male partner","volume":"9","author":"Ferlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777725","article-title":"Obesity and male infertility: true, true, and unrelated","volume":"41","author":"Ceraolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2024.101303","article-title":"Diabetes and male fertility disorders","volume":"99","author":"Graziani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19813","article-title":"Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and markers of cutaneous melanoma aggressiveness: an observational multicentric study in 443 patients with melanoma","volume":"185","author":"Nagore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7457269","article-title":"Role of adaptive and innate immunity in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2018","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2024","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.11.001","article-title":"Obesity and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4557-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetic complications in China","volume":"61","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00225-7","article-title":"Reproductive health in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Cretu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00728-2","article-title":"Association of diabetes and obesity with sperm parameters and testosterone levels: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00771-x","article-title":"Diabetes-induced male infertility: potential mechanisms and treatment options","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.031","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and the impairment of male reproductive function: possible signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Barkabi-Zanjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00163.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in eugonadal men with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Costanzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.02.006","article-title":"Roles of ferroptosis in type 1 diabetes induced spermatogenic dysfunction","volume":"214","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01507-w","article-title":"Effect of advanced glycation end products (Ages) on sperm parameters and function in C57bl\/6 mice","volume":"31","author":"Darmishonnejad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9565-6","article-title":"Is male fertility associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"41","author":"Bener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2010.10.005","article-title":"Male diabetes mellitus and assisted reproduction treatment outcome","volume":"22","author":"Mulholland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01213.x","article-title":"Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on sperm morphological and functional characteristics, nuclear DNA integrity and outcome of assisted reproductive technique","author":"Rama Raju","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.04.008","article-title":"Adverse effects of hepatitis B virus on sperm motility and fertilization ability during ivf","volume":"23","author":"Oger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12898","article-title":"Prognostic factors for pregnancy after intrauterine insemination","volume":"147","author":"Ejzenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.5.1299","article-title":"Eshre basic semen analysis courses 1995-1999: immediate beneficial effects of standardized training","volume":"17","author":"Bjorndahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.06.002","article-title":"A 5-year multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing personalized, frozen and fresh blastocyst transfer in ivf","volume":"41","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041988","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and reproduction","volume":"22","author":"Lotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.03.074","article-title":"Diabetes associated with male reproductive system damages: onset of presentation, pathophysiological mechanisms and drug intervention","volume":"90","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399813666161122124017","article-title":"The role of diabetes mellitus in sexual and reproductive health: an overview of pathogenesis, evaluation, and management","volume":"13","author":"Gandhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02285-z","article-title":"Semen quality and metabolic profile in people with type 1 diabetes with and without erectile dysfunction: A cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"Longo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019308988368","article-title":"Semen analysis in insulin-dependent\/non-insulin-dependent diabetic men with\/without neuropathy","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399813666170425152046","article-title":"Testicular dysfunction is a common feature in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Nigerian tertiary hospital","volume":"14","author":"Inih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.04.002","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and functional sperm characteristics: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"30","author":"Pergialiotis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13342","article-title":"Effects of diabetes mellitus on sperm quality and fertility outcomes: clinical evidence","volume":"11","author":"Lotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00298","article-title":"Novel techniques of sperm selection for improving ivf and icsi outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Oseguera-Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey081","article-title":"Creatine enhances the duration of sperm capacitation: A novel factor for improving in vitro fertilization with small numbers of sperm","volume":"33","author":"Umehara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.04.003","article-title":"The relationship between blastocyst morphology, chromosomal abnormality, and embryo gender","volume":"95","author":"Alfarawati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.11.015","article-title":"Birefringence properties of human immotile spermatozoa and icsi outcome","volume":"46","author":"Magli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-023-01106-5","article-title":"Preparation of the endometrium for frozen embryo transfer: an update on clinical practices","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081373","article-title":"Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neonatal outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Tocariu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1692746\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:29:25Z","timestamp":1767590965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1692746\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1692746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1692746","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"article-number":"1692746"}}