{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:53:58Z","timestamp":1761738838876,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic macroangiopathy is a leading cause of disability and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, but existing animal models have limitations such as complex genetic manipulation or long induction cycles. This study constructed and evaluated a combined model of nicotinamide (NAA)\/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM and carotid balloon injury in Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty male SD rats were divided into four groups: control, VBI (only vascular balloon injury), T2DM (only NAA\/STZ-induced T2DM), and T2DM+VBI (combined model) groups. T2DM was induced via NAA (110 mg\/kg) followed by STZ (65 mg\/kg); VBI was performed via a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) balloon catheter. Over 6 weeks, metabolic indicators [intake, excretion, body weight, and random blood glucose (RBG)] were monitored; carotid tissues were collected at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-VBI for HE staining and immunohistochemistry (\u03b1-SMA, F4\/80, and MMP-9); and blood cell counts and plasma biochemistry were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The T2DM induction success rate was 90% (no mortality); the postoperative mortality rate was 14.3% in the T2DM+VBI group (vs. 7% in the VBI group). The T2DM and T2DM+VBI groups presented typical diabetic symptoms and persistent hyperglycemia. Histologically, only the VBI and T2DM+VBI groups exhibited time-dependent neointimal proliferation, with T2DM+VBI exhibiting a larger neointimal area, a greater proliferation index, more severe luminal stenosis (2-week hyperplasia comparable to VBI 6 weeks) and increased F4\/80-positive macrophages\/MMP-9 (poor plaque stability). No major organ abnormalities (except T2DM hepatic steatosis) or intergroup blood parameter differences were found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This combined model has stable hyperglycemia, obvious neointimal hyperplasia, rapid modeling and a high success rate (optimal observation window: 2\u20134 weeks post-VBI). It recapitulates diabetic macroangiopathy pathology and is suitable for investigating therapeutic efficacy and related molecular\/cellular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1693820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:29:14Z","timestamp":1761715754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Construction and evaluation of a combined model of NAA\/STZ-induced type 2 diabetes with carotid balloon injury in SD 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