{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T05:26:58Z","timestamp":1764912418652,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the association between serum abnormal glycoprotein (AP) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study enrolled 476 patients with T2DM. DPN was diagnosed using the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS) and nerve conduction studies. The association between AP and DPN was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis (RCS), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum AP levels were significantly higher in patients with DPN than in those without (P &amp;lt; 0.001). After adjusting for multiple confounders, elevated AP emerged as an independent risk indicator for DPN (OR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.012-1.036). A non-linear relationship was observed, with a marked increase in DPN risk when AP levels exceeded an inflection point of 119.628 \u03bcm\u00b2. Combining AP with clinical variables significantly enhanced predictive accuracy for DPN, increasing the area under the curve (AUC) from 0.686 to 0.805.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated serum AP represents a novel and independent risk indicator for DPN in patients with T2DM. Its integration into clinical practice may facilitate early detection for DPN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1697737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T05:13:52Z","timestamp":1764911632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between abnormal glycoprotein and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deyue","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.04.001","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: epidemiology, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70042","article-title":"Attenuated niacin skin flushing response in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients: A novel clinical diagnostic tool","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes\/metabolism Res Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.01.003","article-title":"Better diagnostic accuracy of neuropathy in obesity: A new challenge for neurologists","volume":"129","author":"Callaghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin neurophysiology: Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-020-00327-y","article-title":"Targeting Glycoproteins as a therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"28","author":"Naseri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Daru: J Faculty Pharmacy Tehran Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.06.001","article-title":"AGE-RAGE axis blockade in diabetic nephropathy: Current status and future directions","volume":"833","author":"Sanajou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1751","article-title":"Glycans in cancer and inflammation\u2013potential for therapeutics and diagnostics","volume":"4","author":"Dube","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12418-z","article-title":": Clinical application of serum tumor abnormal protein in prostate cancer patients","volume":"24","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05718-2","article-title":"Combining multi-parametric MRI radiomics features with tumor abnormal protein to construct a machine learning-based predictive model for prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2016.160903","article-title":"Tumor abnormal protein as a novel biomarker in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.609719","article-title":"High expression of tumor abnormal protein preoperatively predicts poor prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293243","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2293243","article-title":"Clinical significance of tumor abnormal protein in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated with lung adenocarcinoma in situ","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":". 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