{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:03:30Z","timestamp":1771927410070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A puzzling metabolic question is the emergence of rapid-onset diabetes in the postnatal period of pre-term infants without the usual preceding prodromal characteristics. The etio-pathophysiology is unclear, but continues to be a concern, since the prevalence remains a significant health issue. We hypothesize that this new diabetes type is hypoxemia-driven from compromised ventilation\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    periodic breathing or apnea of infancy during the immediate postnatal period. The resulting intermittent hypoxia leads to elevated cytosolic chloride levels in pancreatic beta-cells affecting insulin secretion and disturbed glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 function resulting from lowered With-no-lysine (k) kinase (WNK)1 levels in the skeletal musculature. In addition, the peripheral cellular effects are coupled with prolonged elevated sympathetic outflow elicited by the disrupted breathing. This mini-review discusses current research gaps and provides insights into potential interventions for the widespread epidemic of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1720875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T05:41:11Z","timestamp":1769406071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How hypoxia-induced diabetes develops and is maintained in children born preterm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eung-Kwon","family":"Pae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Maryland","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald M.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles","place":["Los Angeles, CA, 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