{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:43:33Z","timestamp":1793727813112,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is strongly linked to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which drive cardiovascular complications. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) demonstrate cardioprotective benefits that may extend beyond glycemic control, but their effects on key inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers compared to other glucose-lowering medications remain inconsistently reported across individual studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted. Databases were searched for RCTs comparing GLP-1 RAs against other antidiabetic drugs or placebo in adults with T2D, reporting changes in inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-\u03b1]) or the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA). Data were pooled using a random-effects model, and outcomes were stratified by comparator type (placebo, insulin, other oral antidiabetic drugs [OADs]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty RCTs (n=6029 participants) were included. GLP-1 RA therapy significantly reduced CRP levels compared to placebo (SMD = -0.59; 95% CI: -0.84 to -0.34) and other OADs (SMD = -1.06; 95% CI: -1.64 to -0.47). A significant reduction in TNF-\u03b1 was observed versus placebo (SMD = -0.61; 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.32) and oral antidiabetic drugs add on (SMD = -1.62; 95% CI: -2.86 to -0.38). Data for MDA were limited and showed a non-significant trend toward reduction. GLP-1 RAs also significantly reduced IL-6 versus insulin (SMD = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.46 to -0.02). While significant heterogeneity was noted across the analyses, sensitivity analyses confirmed a consistent direction of effect, reinforcing the class-wide anti-inflammatory properties of GLP-1 RAs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GLP-1 RAs significantly improve key biomarkers of systemic inflammation (CRP, TNF-\u03b1) in patients with T2D compared to various active comparators and placebo. These pleiotropic effects provide a mechanistic rationale for their cardiovascular benefits and support their use as a multifaceted therapeutic strategy in T2D management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1734549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:16:51Z","timestamp":1768454211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inflammatory biomarker response to GLP-1 receptor agonists versus other glucose-lowering medications in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tariq","family":"Alrasheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk","place":["Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed E. 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