{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T11:57:52Z","timestamp":1769255872073,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and pulmonary cavitation in male with HIV\u2013tuberculosis (TB) coinfection, as well as to quantify the relationships between glycemic indicators [HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG)] and cavity size. The robustness of these correlations was further validated in a non-HIV TB sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This comparative cross-sectional study based on exposure status included 132 men with HIV\u2013TB and T2D (exposed group) and 131 age-matched men with HIV\u2013TB without T2D (non-exposed group). Multivariable regression models, subgroup analyses, and interaction tests were used to evaluaterelationships and effect modification. A validation cohort of 100 non-HIV TB patients was analyzed using the same analytical framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In men coinfected with HIV and TB, T2D was linked to a higher incidence of pulmonary cavitation (adjusted OR = 3.892, 95% CI = 1.895-7.992, P&amp;lt;0.001). HbA1c (B = 1.039, P = 0.049) and FPG (B = 0.869, P&amp;lt;0.001) are positively correlated with cavity size. A notable interaction was detected between T2D and sputum positivity (P&amp;lt;0.001), indicating the greatest incidence of cavitation in sputum-positive T2D patients (OR = 10.492, 95% CI = 3.266\u201333.711). Consistent results were found in the non-HIV TB group (T2D-related cavitation OR = 4.110, P = 0.014), demonstrating that the effect of T2D is not modified by HIV status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T2D is a significant risk factor for pulmonary cavitation in males with HIV\u2013TB coinfection, and poor glycemic management is linked with increased cavity size. Sputum-positive patients with T2D represent an exceptionally high-risk subgroup. Incorporating glycemic evaluation and optimal metabolic management into TB care may assist to lower cavitation risk in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1635725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T05:16:49Z","timestamp":1769145409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type 2 diabetes is associated with pulmonary cavitation in men with HIV-TB coinfection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yongkang","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College","place":["Chengdu, 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