{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T04:12:53Z","timestamp":1785039173214,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the clinic-radiologic features of diabetic mastopathy (DMP), with a focus on distinctive ultrasound findings that may aid in differential diagnosis and reduce unnecessary interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective multicenter analysis was performed on 21 pathologically confirmed DMP lesions from 17 patients (2014\u20132024). Mammographic and ultrasonographic features were independently assessed by two radiologists according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS, 5th edition). Clinical data including diabetes history were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median patient age was 58 years, with a median diabetes duration of 23.3 years. Most patients presented with a palpable mass (94.1%). Mammography showed probably benign findings (BI-RADS 3) in 73.7% of lesions, with an additional 10.5% assessed as benign (BI-RADS 2). In contrast, ultrasound revealed suspicious features: all mass-forming lesions had irregular margins (100%), 89.5% showed posterior shadowing, and critically, 78.9% demonstrated an infiltrative growth pattern with an absence of space-occupying effect. One atypical case presented with bilateral ductal dilation. Core needle biopsy yielded a specific DMP diagnosis in only 68.4% of lesions. Surgical excision was performed in 76.2% of lesions, with recurrence in 23.1% during a median follow-up of 33.5 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DMP presents a diagnostic paradox of benign mammographic but suspicious sonographic appearances. The characteristic \u201cabsence of space-occupying effect\u201d on ultrasound is a key differentiating feature from breast carcinoma. Recognizing this sign, along with atypical patterns like ductal dilation, can increase pre-biopsy diagnostic suspicion in patients with long-standing diabetes, potentially guiding more conservative management. Histopathological confirmation remains essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1691578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T05:36:43Z","timestamp":1768973803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical-radiologic-pathologic characterization of diabetic mastopathy: an analysis of 21 cases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasonography, Shanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasonography, Shanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasonography, Shanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuojun","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasonography, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lele","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Ultrasonography, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-021-01337-1","article-title":"Diabetic mastopathy: reporting an unusual scenario of a rare disease","volume":"12","author":"Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0846537120983122","article-title":"Ultrasound as a valuable imaging modality in sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis: imaging features based on a retrospective cohort analysis of 51 cases","volume":"72","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiologists J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.12.008","article-title":"Diabetic mastopathy: case report and summary of literature","volume":"38","author":"Leroux-Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(84)92114-7","article-title":"Fibrous disease of the breast, thyroiditis, and cheiroarthropathy in type I diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Soler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.05.048","article-title":"Unusual breast lesion mimicking cancer: diabetic mastopathy","author":"Accurso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010448","article-title":"Diabetic mastopathy. 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