{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T11:27:22Z","timestamp":1779017242823,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a highly significant microvascular complication that arises from diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain the traditional risk factors for DKD in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asia, raising awareness of these risk factors among patients with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched until 13 Mar 2026. Case\u2013control or cohort studies in Asia on the risk factors for DKD were included. Egger\u2019s test and funnel plots were used to assess publication bias. Stata 15 was used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>7 case-control studies (including 3,312 participants) and 17 cohort studies (including 8,735 participants) were included. All the included studies were of high quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), hypertension, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), age and diabetes duration were risk factors for DKD in T2DM. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was closely associated with DKD, and this association was also evident in subgroups defined by pathological diagnosis. SBP was a risk factor in both the clinical diagnosis group and the pathological diagnosis group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis preliminarily demonstrates that SBP, hypertension, HbA1c, WHR, FBG, UA, Cr, age, diabetes duration and DR are associated with DKD in Asia. SBP and DR are associated with renal biopsy-confirmed DKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/recorddashboard<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD42024529789.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1703533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:21:34Z","timestamp":1776140494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk factors for diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asia: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yaning","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xianning Central Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology","place":["Xianning, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anorectal, Xianning Central Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology","place":["Xianning, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xianning Central Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology","place":["Xianning, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cairong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology","place":["Xianning, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-022-02122-y","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification, diagnosis, screening and prevention (Update 2023)","volume":"135","author":"Harreiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10924","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes, 1988-2014","volume":"316","author":"Afkarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1913","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of diabetes-related end-stage renal disease, 2000-2015","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(25)00198-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of kidney failure with replacement therapy and associated aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.12.005","article-title":"KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease","volume":"49","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S011","article-title":"11. 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