{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:23:34Z","timestamp":1791897814106,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering the growing evidence linking metabolic abnormalities with liver diseases, in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), this research examined the relationship between serum uric acid (UA), hyperuricemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in T2DM patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between January 2024 and January 2025, 952 individuals with T2DM were enrolled in a single-center cross-sectional investigation conducted at the Zhengzhou People\u2019s Hospital. Associations of UA and hyperuricemia with NAFLD were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression, accompanied by subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) and generalized additive models (GAM) anlyses were applied to examine the non-linear dose\u2013response association between UA and NAFLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, hyperuricemia was found to be independently linked to a higher risk of NAFLD (OR 1.660, 95% CI: 1.094\u20132.521,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.017). For serum UA, a rise of 1 \u03bcmol\/L and a single standard deviation (SD) in its concentration corresponded to a 0.3% and 26.6% greater likelihood of developing NAFLD, respectively (OR 1.003, 95% CI: 1.001\u20131.005; OR 1.266, 95% CI: 1.050\u20131.526). Subgroup analyses revealed that hyperuricemia remained independently linked to NAFLD among individuals aged &amp;gt; 60 years, with hypertension, overweight\/obesity, or without hyperlipidemia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Furthermore, an elevation of one SD for UA levels was associated with a greater likelihood of NAFLD in several subgroups, including patients aged &amp;gt; 60 years, males, those without hyperlipidemia, and those with overweight\/obesity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt; 0.05). Sensitivity analysis excluding patients with chronic kidney disease yielded consistent results: hyperuricemia remained significantly associated with NAFLD (OR 1.678,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032), and each 1-SD increase in UA was associated with a 31.6% increased risk (OR 1.316,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010). RCS analysis revealed a notable linear association for UA levels with the likelihood of NAFLD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      overall &amp;lt; 0.05, non-linearity\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). Similarly, GAM analysis further confirmed a statistically significant linear relationship between UA and NAFLD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum UA levels and hyperuricemia are independently linked to a greater likelihood of NAFLD among individuals with T2DM, underscoring the importance of UA surveillance in this group to facilitate prompt detection and precise intervention for NAFLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1720601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T05:21:20Z","timestamp":1772428880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Uric acid and hyperuricemia in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among individuals with type 2 diabetes: insights from a cross-sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chunbo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengfan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Development and Behavior, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000251","article-title":"The burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly growing in every region of the world from 1990 to 2019","volume":"7","author":"Paik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.052","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 2020: the state of the disease","volume":"158","author":"Cotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320622","article-title":"NAFLD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological implications","volume":"69","author":"Targher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323082","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6638306","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"2020","author":"Muzica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00448-y","article-title":"The complex link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus - 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