{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:05:04Z","timestamp":1780031104296,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate Cardiorespiratory Fitness indicators in populations with different glucose metabolism statuses and analyze their correlation with body composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study retrospectively included 144 individuals who voluntarily underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing at Qinhuangdao First Hospital from January 2023 to June 2025. Based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, participants were categorized into the Normal Glucose Tolerance Group (n = 76), Prediabetes Group (n = 22), and Diabetes Mellitus Group (n = 46). Differences in general characteristics, laboratory indicators, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and body composition were analyzed among the three groups. Univariate correlation analysis was applied to assess the relationship between maximal oxygen uptake per kilogram body weight (VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/kg) and other indicators. Multiple linear regression analysis was then performed with maximal VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/kg as the dependent variable to evaluate influencing factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant differences (P &amp;lt; 0.05) were observed among the three groups in maximal metabolic equivalents (MET), maximal VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/kg, maximal heart rate (HR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), visceral fat area (VFA), skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and obesity index. Age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, FPG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), VFA, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, body fat percentage, and obesity index were significantly correlated with maximal VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/kg. Age, BMI, FPG, HDL-C, VFA, and skeletal muscle mass were identified as independent influencing factors for maximal VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/kg, collectively explaining 50.9% of the total variance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Age, BMI, FPG, HDL-C, VFA, and skeletal muscle mass were influencing factors for maximal VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/kg. VFA was the strongest negative predictor, while skeletal muscle mass served as its positive predictor. These findings may provide a basis for identifying high-risk populations with declining Cardiorespiratory Fitness among individuals with abnormal glucose metabolism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1726184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:49:32Z","timestamp":1780030172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in individuals with different glucose metabolism statuses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Binbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Examination, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao","place":["Hebei, Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inspection Centres, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao","place":["Hebei, Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziru","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao","place":["Hebei, Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao","place":["Hebei, Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000019708","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics supplementation in prediabetes: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz687","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD","volume":"41","author":"Cosentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112148-20220316-00180","article-title":"Chinese expert consensus on standardized clinical application of cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"50","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000461","article-title":"Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American heart association","volume":"134","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-635X.2015.02.012","article-title":"Body composition measurement methods and their clinical applications","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4826-0","article-title":"Lean mass, grip strength and risk of type 2 diabetes: a bi-directional Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"62","author":"Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115791-20241203-00705","article-title":"China diabetes prevention and treatment guidelines (2024 edition)","volume":"17","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Diabetes"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107849","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong and consistent predictor of morbidity and mortality among adults: an overview of meta-analyses representing over 20.9 million observations from 199 unique cohort studies","volume":"58","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s0022-4707.24.16159-2","article-title":"The critical role of cardiorespiratory fitness in disease prevention","volume":"64","author":"Myers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303564","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory dynamics of type 2 diabetes mellitus: An extensive view of breathing and fitness challenges in a diabetes prevalent population","volume":"19","author":"Abbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90281-z","article-title":"Independent influence of type 2 diabetes on reduced cardiopulmonary fitness in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v13.i4.97105","article-title":"Visceral adiposity index, cardiorespiratory fitness, and fasting plasma glucose associations in adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Musa","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14033\/j.cnki.cfmr.2022.14.041","article-title":"Correlation between cardiopulmonary endurance and body composition\/metabolic indicators in middle-aged men with impaired fasting glucose","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Med Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.124.035721","article-title":"Exercise intolerance in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-4292-2023-0040","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Macedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010183","article-title":"A narrative review on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"13","author":"Izzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2019.03.007","article-title":"Body composition changes in diabetes and aging","volume":"33","author":"Al-Sofiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.03.036","article-title":"Body composition and handgrip strength in patients with prediabetes: a case-control study from Haryana, North India","volume":"15","author":"Rajput","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.09.008","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: a cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Kalinkovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvaf081","article-title":"Aging-induced dysfunction of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and its link to insulin resistance","volume":"179","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.s425166","article-title":"Association between visceral fat area and glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetics: a retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000002424","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass is linked to cardiorespiratory fitness in youth","volume":"52","author":"Wittekind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2015-0107","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children and adolescents with high body mass index","volume":"28","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.08.024","article-title":"Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness between metabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy obese black and white adolescents","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.062430","article-title":"Associations of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness with total and central body fat in adolescents: the HELENA study","volume":"45","author":"Moliner-Urdiales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1999.10608032","article-title":"Effect of body composition on oxygen uptake during treadmill exercise: body builders versus weight-matched men","volume":"70","author":"McInnis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100118","article-title":"Association of low muscle mass and combined low muscle mass and visceral obesity with low cardiorespiratory fitness","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00227.2018","article-title":"Oxidative modifications of mitochondrial complex II are associated with insulin resistance of visceral fat in obesity","volume":"316","author":"Ngo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1489152","article-title":"Association between metabolic health indicators and cardiorespiratory fitness in urban young and middle-aged population: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091239","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness is not associated with cardiovascular disease risk in firefighters: a cross-sectional study in South African firefighters","volume":"21","author":"Moselakgomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01745-8","article-title":"The effects of supervised aerobic training on dyslipidaemia among diabetic older patients","volume":"24","author":"Alghadir","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271845","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training on physical morphology, cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Men","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2025.101741","article-title":"HDL cholesterol is remarkably cardioprotective against coronary artery disease in native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders","volume":"4","author":"Szatrowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55860\/eazehg56","article-title":"Association between heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Zaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exercise"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1726184\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:49:40Z","timestamp":1780030180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1726184\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1726184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1726184","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"1726184"}}