{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:41:44Z","timestamp":1791650504253,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a sight-threatening autoimmune disorder with limited effective therapies. Teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor, has emerged as a promising treatment. However, a comprehensive synthesis of its efficacy and safety across randomized trials remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing teprotumumab with placebo in TED was conducted. Primary outcomes included proptosis response, overall response, change in proptosis, diplopia response, achievement of a Clinical Activity Score (CAS) \u22641, changes in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy\u2013specific quality-of-life questionnaire (GO-QOL) scores and safety outcomes. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven RCTs involving 438 participants were included. Teprotumumab significantly improved all efficacy outcomes: proptosis response (RR, 6.87; 95% CI, 3.32 to 14.24), overall response (RR, 7.82; 95% CI, 3.36 to 18.18), reduction in proptosis (MD, -2.46 mm; 95% CI, -2.96 to -1.96), diplopia response (RR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.28 to 2.68), CAS \u22641 (RR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.41 to 4.78) and increase in GO-QOL overall score (MD, 10.87; 95% CI, 9.91 to 11.83). Safety analysis indicated elevated risks of hyperglycemia (RR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.08 to 7.37), muscle spasms (RR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.97 to 7.43), dry skin (RR, 6.54; 95% CI, 1.52 to 28.09), and hearing impairment (RR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.26 to 11.13).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teprotumumab provides substantial, consistent benefits in improving proptosis, diplopia, disease activity and GO-QOL in TED. Clinicians should monitor for adverse events, particularly hyperglycemia and hearing impairment. These findings reinforce teprotumumab as a pivotal therapeutic option and support balanced risk-benefit evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1735660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:22:35Z","timestamp":1770960155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Redefining evidence for teprotumumab in thyroid eye disease: an updated meta-analysis of efficacy and safety"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rongjing","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Peking 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