{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:15:17Z","timestamp":1780496117156,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop and validate a personalized energy density optimization algorithm for microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective cohort study analyzed 82 patients undergoing MWA for benign thyroid nodules. Patients were divided into treatment success group (VRR &amp;gt;90%, n=31) and treatment insufficient group (VRR \u226490%, n=51) based on 12-month outcomes.\n                      <jats:italic>LOESS curve fitting<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis was applied to explore the relationship between energy density and VRR at 12 months. Linear regression was used to predict optimal energy density, and logistic regression was used to estimate treatment success probability. Performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (AUC), calibration assessment, and decision curve analysis. A three-step personalized energy density algorithm was established based on the regression analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At post-ablation 12-months, 37.8%(n=31) achieving treatment success.\n                      <jats:italic>LOESS<\/jats:italic>\n                      curve fitting revealed a plateau effect above 4.0 J\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      . The energy density prediction model incorporated vertical diameter, baseline volume, TSH, neutrophil count, and peak intensity (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        adjusted R\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                        = 0.47\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Prediction model demonstrated excellent discrimination (\n                      <jats:italic>AUC=0.902<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with optimal cutoff probability at 0.417. Independent predictors included maximum diameter, baseline volume, WBC count, CRP, and enhancement pattern. Decision curve showed the benefit threshold was 0.8. The three-step algorithm was developed, which including baseline energy calculation, success probability estimation, and adaptive adjustment when predicted success &amp;lt;80%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personalized energy density calculation based on patient-specific factors has the potential to significantly improve MWA outcomes for benign thyroid nodules. This algorithmic approach enables precision treatment planning and optimal patient selection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1746874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:21:58Z","timestamp":1770960118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a multi-parametric energy density optimization algorithm for microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mingfeng","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02162.x","article-title":"Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination","volume":"39","author":"Guth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0898","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: A 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