{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:48:04Z","timestamp":1793908084149,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gouty arthritis (GA) falls within the category of metabolic arthropathies. Its onset stems from abnormal uric acid metabolism, which subsequently leads to the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and ultimately triggers a robust inflammatory response. Currently, the global prevalence rate of GA is on the rise, gradually increasing the societal disease burden it imposes. This review comprehensively examines the pathogenesis of GA. The content encompasses uric acid metabolic disorders, the innate immune activation process induced by MSU crystals, as well as various subsequently triggered programmed cell death (PCD) modalities, including pyroptosis, NETosis, apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis. We then evaluate\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experimental models according to the disease stage and pathogenic processes they best recapitulate. Exogenous MSU models are highly suitable for studying acute inflammatory flares; hyperuricemia models capture the metabolic basis of disease initiation; and composite models more closely reflect the chronic and multifactorial course of human gout.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    systems ranging from macrophage monocultures to co-culture and organoid platforms provide complementary tools for mechanistic studies and drug screening. However, current models still cannot fully reproduce the complexity of human gout, particularly with respect to metabolic initiation, tissue hierarchy, systemic context, and species-specific differences. We therefore propose a model-selection approach in which the choice of platform should be guided by the specific pathogenic process under investigation. Future model development should integrate innovative technologies to enhance the authenticity of pathological features, address the shortcomings of existing systems, and facilitate the clinical translation of GA research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1752411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:41:05Z","timestamp":1776055265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gouty arthritis model: delving into disease pathways and uncovering possible therapeutic targets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sanjin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiumei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaofu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00569-9","article-title":"Gout","volume":"397","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond Engl)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08180-9","article-title":"Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Asghari","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskel Disord"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.01.046","article-title":"Integrative analysis reveals the multilateral inflammatory mechanisms of CD14 monocytes in gout","volume":"84","author":"Alaswad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110489","article-title":"Monosodium urate crystals regulate a unique JNK-dependent macrophage metabolic and inflammatory response","volume":"38","author":"Cobo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591803","article-title":"Interplay between NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy","volume":"11","author":"Biasizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01687-y","article-title":"The role of inflammasomes in human diseases and their potential as therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-081022-021207","article-title":"Structural mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1137822","article-title":"Role of NLRP3 in the pathogenesis and treatment of gout arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1305431","article-title":"Models of gouty nephropathy: exploring disease mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Laus)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5064494","article-title":"Dynamin-related protein 1 is involved in mitochondrial damage, defective mitophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by MSU crystals","volume":"2022","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longevity"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S378341","article-title":"Role of NINJ1 in gout flare and potential as a drug target","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.009","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote M1 macrophage polarization in gouty inflammation via targeting hexokinase-2","volume":"224","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1456244","article-title":"Role of gasdermin D in inflammatory diseases: from mechanism to therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2025.2491176","article-title":"Non-inflammatory macrophages phagocytose and hydrolyse monosodium urate crystals in different stages of gout","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01162-6","article-title":"Qu-zhuo-tong-bi decoction exerts gouty arthritis therapy by skewing macrophage polarization through butanoate metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.870183","article-title":"GPR105-targeted therapy promotes gout resolution as a switch between NETosis and apoptosis of neutrophils","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1769719","article-title":"Ferroptosis in gouty arthritis: a potential therapeutic strategy","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1476631","article-title":"Differential expression of ferroptosis-related proteins in urinary exosomes: potential indicators for monitoring acute gout attack","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16622-0","article-title":"Antiarthritic activities of berberine in a rat model of gouty arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Ibrahim Fouad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90072-8","article-title":"Ankle joint urate arthritis (AJUA) in rats: an alternative animal model of arthritis to that produced by Freund\u2019s adjuvant","volume":"28","author":"Coderre","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05090-8","article-title":"Gout: a disease involved with complicated immunoinflammatory responses: a narrative review","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1604329","article-title":"AduCPI2 alleviates MSU-induced acute gouty arthritis in mice by inhibiting cathepsin S and the C5a-C5aR1 axis","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.70114","article-title":"Developing monosodium urate monohydrate crystals\u2013induced gout model in rodents and rabbits","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Protocol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01212-5","article-title":"Britannin as a novel NLRP3 inhibitor, suppresses inflammasome activation in macrophages and alleviates NLRP3-related diseases in mice","volume":"45","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6641701","article-title":"Minimally invasive embedding of saturated MSU induces persistent gouty arthritis in modified rat model","volume":"2021","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102108","article-title":"Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction and accelerates atherosclerosis by disturbing the asymmetric dimethylarginine\/dimethylarginine dimethylaminotransferase 2 pathway","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2024.100864","article-title":"Energy insufficiency induced by high purine diet: catalysts for renal impairment in hyperuricemia nephropathy rat model","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Res Food Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1433991","article-title":"Evaluating renal injury characteristics in different rat models of hyperuricemia and elucidating pathological molecular mechanisms via serum metabolomics","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.2.742","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and urate nephropathy in urate oxidase-deficient mice","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S443358","article-title":"Lipidomics analysis deepen understanding the molecular mechanisms in a gouty model induced by combination of MSU crystals injection and high-fat diet feeding and the intervention mechanisms of allopurinol","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119304","article-title":"Investigating the mechanism of tongfeng qingxiao formula for improving gouty arthritis based on the neutrophil extracellular trapping network","volume":"341","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-020-00155-3","article-title":"Combined effects of MSU crystals injection and high fat-diet feeding on the establishment of a gout model in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol (Lond Engl)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003499","article-title":"New animal model of chronic gout reproduces pathological features of the disease in humans","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062147","article-title":"High-protein diet induces hyperuricemia in a new animal model for studying human gout","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1612479","article-title":"Innovative modeling: a diet-induced quail model for progressive pathological changes in uric acid metabolism disorders","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00486-9","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates hyperuricemia in a novel model","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microb"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945021000024634","article-title":"Further studies on the use of allopurinol to reduce plasma uric acid concentrations in the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) hyperuricaemic model","volume":"31","author":"Poffers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.16-0096","article-title":"Potassium oxonate induces acute hyperuricemia in the tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis)","volume":"66","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Anim"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.050","article-title":"A zebrafish (danio rerio) model for high-throughput screening food and drugs with uric acid-lowering activity","volume":"508","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179195","article-title":"Oral uricase eliminates blood uric acid in the hyperuricemic pig model","volume":"12","author":"Szczurek","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23177","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part I","volume":"58","author":"Helmick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01081-6","article-title":"Folium Hibisci Mutabilis extract suppresses M1 macrophage polarization through mitochondrial function enhancement in murine acute gouty arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74154-5","article-title":"Effective xanthine oxidase inhibitor urate lowering therapy in gout is linked to an emergent serum protein interactome of complement and inflammation modulators","volume":"14","author":"Sanchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S320912","article-title":"Resveratrol relieves gouty arthritis by promoting mitophagy to inhibit activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JIR"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38288","article-title":"Mechanism of macrophages in gout: recent progress and perspective","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119231","article-title":"Palmatine, an isoquinoline alkaloid from Phellodendron amurense Rupr. ameliorated gouty inflammation by inhibiting pyroptosis via NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"340","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010029","article-title":"Zanthoxylum piperitum benn. attenuates monosodium urate-induced gouty arthritis: a network pharmacology investigation of its anti-inflammatory mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel Switz)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119731","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization and pharmacological mechanisms of huazhuo sanjie chubi decoction in treating gouty arthritis: a multivariant approach","volume":"347","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00831-w","article-title":"BRD4 promotes gouty arthritis through MDM2-mediated PPAR\u03b3 degradation and pyroptosis","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccs3.70011","article-title":"Daphnetin alleviates inflammation and promotes autophagy via the AMPK\/mTOR pathway in gouty arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signaling"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1418-6","article-title":"MicroRNA-488 and -920 regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines in acute gouty arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010143","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap formation model induced by monosodium urate and phorbol myristate acetate: involvement in MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.05.036","article-title":"A culture model to analyze the acute biomaterial-dependent reaction of human primary neutrophils in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Wesdorp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118817","article-title":"Mechanism of biqi capsules in the treatment of gout based on network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"337","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01388-z","article-title":"Downregulation of Sox8 mediates monosodium urate crystal-induced autophagic impairment of cartilage in gout arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130708","article-title":"The effects of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals on chondrocyte viability and function: implications for development of cartilage damage in gout","volume":"40","author":"Chhana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.112102","article-title":"IL1A regulates MSU-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response through TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"22","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2014.0249","article-title":"An in vitro bone tissue regeneration strategy combining chondrogenic and vascular priming enhances the mineralization potential of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro while also allowing for vessel formation","volume":"21","author":"Freeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng A"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.70103","article-title":"Quercetin prevents hyperuricemia associated with gouty arthritis by inactivating the NLRP3\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"105","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.007","article-title":"Novel xanthine oxidase-based cell model using HK-2 cell for screening antihyperuricemic functional compounds","volume":"136","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2009-9809","article-title":"Ouratea spectabilis and its biflavanone ouratein D exert potent anti-inflammatory activity in MSU crystal-induced gout in mice","volume":"89","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2025.107007","article-title":"NETs activate AIM2 to mediate synovial fibroblast pyroptosis and promote acute gouty arthritis development","volume":"275","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119552","article-title":"Jianpi Qingre Tongluo Prescription (Huangqin Qingrechubi Capsule) alleviates inflammation and hypercoagulability by inhibiting the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway via CircRNA 104633 downregulation in gouty arthritis","volume":"344","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00376","article-title":"Bonding the foe \u2013 NETting neutrophils immobilize the pro-inflammatory monosodium urate crystals","volume":"3","author":"Schorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immun"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2019.19.e21","article-title":"Prominent inflammatory features of monocytes\/macrophages in acute calcium pyrophosphate crystal arthritis: a comparison with acute gouty arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70040","article-title":"Osteoarthritis synovium as a nidus for monosodium urate crystal deposition inducing severe gout studied by label-free stimulated raman scattering combined with synovial organoids","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medcomm"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131634","article-title":"Culture and establishment of self-renewing human liver 3D organoids with high uric acid for screening antihyperuricemic functional compounds","volume":"374","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B68","article-title":"Pachymaran alleviates acute gouty arthritis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis","volume":"30","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S454098","article-title":"To investigate the mechanism of qinpi tongfeng formula in treating acute gouty arthritis by UHPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS, network pharmacology and experimental validation","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000156","article-title":"Penthorum chinense pursh. attenuates hyperuricemia by regulation of uric acid excretion and gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acupunct Herb Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1752411\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:41:16Z","timestamp":1776055276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1752411\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1752411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1752411","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"article-number":"1752411"}}