{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:34:50Z","timestamp":1784133290856,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess multimodal ultrasound technology in the biomechanical assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), specifically focusing on those with increased cIMT but without atherosclerotic plaques or significant stenosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this exploratory cross-sectional study, 65 T2DM patients (thickened vs. normal cIMT) and 27 controls were examined using color Doppler ultrasound flow imaging (CDFI), ultrasound vector flow imaging (V-Flow), and ultra-fast pulse wave velocity (UF-PWV). Measurements included peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), wall shear stress (WSS), pulse wave velocity at the beginning of systole (PWV-BS), and pulse wave velocity at the end of systole (PWV-ES). Differences across groups and independent factors associated with cIMT were analyzed via correlation and multivariable linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The T2DM group exhibited higher HbA1c levels than the control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The T2DM with thickened cIMT group exhibited significantly lower EDV (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =\u00a00.005) and higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =\u00a00.006) than the control group. Furthermore, the same group showed significantly lower mean WSS (WSSmean) than the control and T2DM with normal cIMT groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The T2DM with thickened and normal cIMT groups showed significantly higher PWV-ES than the control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u00a00.05). A positive correlation was observed between cIMT and BMI (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.392,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), HbA1c (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.425,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and PWV-ES (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.506,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Both WSSmean (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.365,\n P &lt;<\/jats:italic>\n 0.001) and EDV (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.209,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) were negatively correlated with cIMT. After adjustment for clinical covariates, BMI, WSSmean, and PWV-ES were identified as independent factors associated with cIMT in the overall cohort. In the T2DM group, PWV-ES (\n B<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.034,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.004) and WSSmean (\n B<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.060,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.039) remained independently associated with cIMT.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Preliminary findings suggest V-Flow and UF-PWV imaging may detect biomechanical alterations in T2DM patients. While these techniques may offer insights into subclinical vascular remodeling prior to plaque formation, this cross-sectional study should be cautiously interpreted as hypothesis-generating.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1758096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:45:24Z","timestamp":1776228324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Application of multimodal ultrasound in the biomechanical evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a focus on subclinical vascular changes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xuhong","family":"Nan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linmei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Longquanyi District","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000343145","article-title":"Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). 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