{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:59:07Z","timestamp":1789142347007,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insulin is an effective treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and a significant proportion of patients are not controlled, develop hypoglycemia, and gain weight. Therefore, adjuvant therapies to mitigate the above are highly needed. Meta-analyses on the effect of glucagon peptide agonists (GLP-1 agonists) on weight loss and HbA1c are scarce. We aimed to assess the effects of GLP-1 agonists on HbA1c, weight, and C-peptide in patients with T1DM with obesity\/overweight and normal weight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception up to October 30, 2025. The keywords T1DM, GLP-1 agonists, weight, HbA1c, hyperglycemia, adverse effects, hypoglycemia, time in the range, continuous monitoring, blood glucose, C-peptide, and complications were used. We identified 904 studies; from them, 33 full texts were eligible, and 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GLP-1 agonists achieved a higher reduction in weight, HbA1c, and time spent in hyperglycemia compared to controls, MD=-4.28, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      , -5.06--3.49, MD=-0.4, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      , -0.77--0.03, and MD=-1.98, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      , -3.68--0.28, respectively. The time spent in hypoglycemia, MD = 0.08, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      , -0.88-1.04, and the maximum stimulated C-peptide were not different. The total adverse events were higher in GLP-1 agonists.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GLP-1 agonists reduced weight, HbA1c, and time in hyperglycemia significantly compared to controls at the cost of total side effects. The stimulated C-peptide and hypoglycemia were not different between the two groups; further well-controlled trials investigating the role of GLP-1 agonists in newly diagnosed, and normal body weight T1DM are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1758755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:37:16Z","timestamp":1773207436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists\u2019 effects on glycemic control, weight loss, and beta cells function in type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hyder O.","family":"Mirghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk","place":["Tabuk, Saudi 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