{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:05:29Z","timestamp":1770883529974,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are increasing globally, with mitochondrial dysfunction being a core component in their development. While a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) can be used to diagnose T2D, hepatic metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction can be assessed using a\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-methionine breath test (BT). We aimed to evaluate combining these tests for an efficient, non-invasive screening tool.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On three study days, 26 subjects (11 [43.3%] female, 61\u00b1 16 years) subjects underwent either an OGTT, a\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-methionine BT or both tests combined. Diagnostic outcomes of the individual and combined tests were compared using cumulative\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C percentage dose recovered (cPDR), plasma glucose concentrations and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA)-indexes for insulin resistance and beta-cell function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the combined test, cPDR\n                      <jats:sub>90min<\/jats:sub>\n                      was significantly lower (cPDR\n                      <jats:sub>90min<\/jats:sub>\n                      2.3\u00b1 0.2% vs. 5.7\u00b1 0.5%; p&amp;lt; 0.0001), accompanied by a rightward shift of the\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-increase towards later time points. When breath collection of the combined test was extended, cPDR\n                      <jats:sub>145min<\/jats:sub>\n                      (5.7\u00b1 0.4%) was practically identical to cPDR\n                      <jats:sub>90min<\/jats:sub>\n                      of the single test (p= 0.99). OGTT results, plasma glucose, and HOMA-indexes did not differ significantly between tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Combining a\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-methionine BT with an OGTT significantly impacts\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-methionine kinetics, but not OGTT results. A potential mechanism includes a glucose-induced delay of gastric emptying. Combined testing may be feasible when time-adjusted measurements are used, potentially allowing simultaneous screening for both T2D and MASLD-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in clinical practice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1780005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T07:15:18Z","timestamp":1770880518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A pilot study on a combined non-invasive screening test for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katrin","family":"Saenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Torres Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Cahyadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alanna","family":"Ebigbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang Ekkehard","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Robert","family":"Quast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.003","article-title":"The global burden of metabolic disease: Data from 2000 to 2019","volume":"35","author":"Chew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00003-1","article-title":"A global view of the interplay between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Stefan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105610","article-title":"Carotid intima-media thickness is predicted by combined eotaxin levels and severity of hepatic steatosis at ultrasonography in obese patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Tarantino","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-010-0198-0","article-title":"The predictive value of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 and the incidence of macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020428","article-title":"The triad of risk: linking MASLD, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes; 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