{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:07:32Z","timestamp":1785326852219,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and standardized residency training is critical for cultivating competent thyroid specialists. However, traditional training faces limitations including insufficient standardized clinical exposure, patient safety concerns, and inconsistent skill assessment. This narrative review analyzes the applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions of artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) in thyroid disease-focused residency training. A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, identifying 42 eligible English and Chinese studies published between 2015 and 2025. Results show that AI-driven systems enable objective, real-time assessment of thyroid ultrasound skills, enhance diagnostic decision-making for thyroid nodules, and support adaptive personalized learning. VR simulation platforms provide immersive, risk-free environments for repetitive practice of thyroid surgeries (e.g., thyroidectomy), with AI analytics further enabling precise skill evaluation and longitudinal progress tracking. Despite these advantages, significant obstacles persist: ethical and data security risks, technical limitations in anatomical fidelity and haptic feedback, professional acceptance and curricular integration issues, high economic costs, and potential weakening of humanistic competence. Future development should adhere to a \u201chuman-centered, technology-assisted\u201d principle, focusing on core technological breakthroughs, standardized evaluation system construction, phased curriculum integration, and governance mechanism improvement. This review concludes that AI and VR are valuable adjuncts to traditional residency training, with the ultimate goal of cultivating thyroid specialists with both solid clinical skills and humanistic care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1784933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:34:16Z","timestamp":1785324856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transforming thyroid disease education: AI and virtual technologies in residency training"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shujian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital","place":["Binzhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital","place":["Binzhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operating Room, Binzhou Medical University Hospital","place":["Binzhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital","place":["Binzhou, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003284","article-title":"Global burden of thyroid cancer in 2022: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN","volume":"137","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77663-5","article-title":"Temporal trends of thyroid cancer in China and globally from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the global burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02306-y","article-title":"The effectiveness of the combined problem-based learning (PBL) and case-based learning (CBL) teaching method in the clinical practical teaching of thyroid disease","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.971044","article-title":"Artificial intelligence technologies and compassion in healthcare: a systematic scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Morrow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110999","article-title":"Use of virtual simulation-based training platform on thyroid ultrasonography in medical students: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"197","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2025.2542807","article-title":"Advancements in artificial intelligence transforming medical education: a comprehensive overview","volume":"30","author":"Khakpaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50373","article-title":"AI-enabled medical education: threads of change, promising futures, and risky realities across four potential future worlds","volume":"9","author":"Knopp","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481107700625","article-title":"The contribution of simulation training in enhancing key components of laparoscopic competence","volume":"77","author":"Loukas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05874-5","article-title":"Perspectives on virtual interviews and emerging technologies integration in family medicine residency programs: a cross-sectional survey study","volume":"24","author":"Tolentino","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.70029","article-title":"Real-time telementoring in gynecology ultrasound: impact on patient pathway and postgraduate training","volume":"104","author":"Murugesu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2025.1474741","article-title":"CARE: towards customized assistive robot-based education","volume":"12","author":"Maaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159x.2025.2555353","article-title":"Enabling micro-assessments of skills in the simulated setting using temporal artificial intelligence-models","volume":"48","author":"Bang Andersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105916","article-title":"Revolutionizing nursing education through Ai integration: a reflection on the disruptive impact of ChatGPT","volume":"129","author":"Castonguay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24272","article-title":"The roles of artificial intelligence in teaching anatomy: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Joseph","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07576-y","article-title":"Utilization of artificial intelligence-based pulmonary nodule target reconstruction software in clinical practice education for standardized training residents","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1546983","article-title":"Intelligent diagnosis of thyroid nodules with AI ultrasound assistance and cytology classification","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251346539","article-title":"Enhancing surgical education through artificial intelligence in the era of digital surgery","volume":"91","author":"Aurello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221157","article-title":"Generalizability and diagnostic performance of AI models for thyroid US","volume":"307","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2024.102985","article-title":"Explanatory argument extraction of correct answers in resident medical exams","volume":"157","author":"Goenaga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-1650","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence in interpreting thyroid nodules on ultrasound images: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Namsena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-023-00884-z","article-title":"Improving the efficacy of ACR TI-RADS through deep learning-based descriptor augmentation","volume":"36","author":"Barinov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00592-x","article-title":"Machine learning: algorithms, real-world applications and research directions","volume":"2","author":"Sarker","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2017.12.003","article-title":"Behind the scenes: a medical natural language processing project","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000004963","article-title":"Competencies for the use of artificial intelligence-based tools by health care professionals","volume":"98","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1614874","article-title":"A multi-model longitudinal assessment of ChatGPT performance on medical residency examinations","volume":"8","author":"Souto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0000000000004330","article-title":"Artificial intelligence tracking of otologic instruments in mastoidectomy videos","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-06937-5","article-title":"A data-driven approach to forest health assessment through multivariate analysis and machine learning techniques","volume":"25","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05777-5","article-title":"Reviewing the current state of virtual reality integration in medical education - a scoping review protocol","volume":"12","author":"Mergen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/51558","article-title":"Assessing the clinical efficacy of a virtual reality tool for the treatment of obesity: randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Anastasiadou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3205\/zma001600","article-title":"Immersive training of clinical decision making with AI driven virtual patients - a new VR platform called medical tr.AI.ning","volume":"40","author":"Mergen","year":"2023","journal-title":"GMS J Med Educ"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-58603-964-6-352","article-title":"A virtual reality simulator for training of needle biopsy of thyroid gland nodules","volume":"142","author":"Souza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/63961","article-title":"Effectiveness and methodologies of virtual reality dental simulators for veneer tooth preparation training: randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-023-07000-w","article-title":"A prospective study of electromyographic amplitude changes during intraoperative neural monitoring for open thyroidectomy","volume":"47","author":"Lian","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.3.jns243264","article-title":"Development of a virtual dissection environment integrated into cadaveric dissection for skull base anatomy education","volume":"143","author":"Uchida","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00044","article-title":"A discussion of virtual reality as a new tool for training healthcare professionals","volume":"6","author":"Fertleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","article-title":"Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments","volume":"364","author":"Slater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.92724","article-title":"Prototype of a virtual reality simulator for thyroidectomy: a proof of concept","volume":"17","author":"Eisentraeger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mi.2025.289","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in modern clinical practice (review)","volume":"6","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Int"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51124","article-title":"The present and future of virtual reality in medical education: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Mistry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.85855","article-title":"Comparison of the learning pace of medical students and surgical residents in a virtual reality laparoscopic simulation","volume":"17","author":"Pikouli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00311-5","article-title":"Theoretical foundations and implications of augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality for immersive learning in health professions education","volume":"9","author":"Asoodar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Simul (Lond)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1612","article-title":"Analysis of traditional versus three-dimensional augmented curriculum on anatomical learning outcome measures","volume":"9","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12704","article-title":"Augmented-reality-based skills training for robot-assisted urethrovesical anastomosis: a multi-institutional randomised controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Chowriappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12414","article-title":"Validation of virtual-reality-based simulations for endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"40","author":"Dharmawardana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Off J ENT-UK ; Off J Netherlands Soc For Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Cervico-Facial Surg"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.04.008","article-title":"Impact of a simulation training curriculum on technical and nontechnical skills in colonoscopy: a randomized trial","volume":"82","author":"Grover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146837","article-title":"The responses of medical general practitioners to unreasonable patient demand for antibiotics--a study of medical ethics using immersive virtual reality","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-9308.2022.06.025","article-title":"Application of virtual simulation experiment teaching platform in general surgery teaching","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Continuing Med Educ China"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-8270.2025.05.006","article-title":"Research on the design and application value of surgical operation simulation system based on virtual reality technology and intelligent scoring function","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med Equip"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13555\/j.cnki.c.m.e.2024.04.007","article-title":"A preliminary exploration of the educational effects of innovation and entrepreneurship competitions for medical students with the theme of medical-engineering integration","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Educ Res Pract"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-10669-8","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel home-based laparoscopic and core surgical skills programme (Monash Online Surgical Training)","volume":"38","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Endoscopy"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13555\/j.cnki.c.m.e.2023.05.001","article-title":"Exploring the prospects of artificial intelligence in medical virtual simulation teaching","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Educ Res Pract"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn116021-20240310-02093","article-title":"Application and teaching practice of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Med Educ"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1015-9584(24)02034-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2024.09.035","article-title":"A general modular scoring system for evaluating proficiency levels of a surgery","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/xcs.0000000000001352","article-title":"Enhancing accuracy of operative reports with automated artificial intelligence analysis of surgical video","volume":"240","author":"Khanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.49008","article-title":"Effect of artificial intelligence tutoring vs expert instruction on learning simulated surgical skills among medical students: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Fazlollahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-025-02387-8","article-title":"The impact of immersive virtual reality training in thyroid surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Basios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1701.2025.02.041","article-title":"Application of VR\/AR-based surgical simulation platform in thyroid surgery resident teaching","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Higher Med Educ"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103655","article-title":"Feasibility of using AI to evaluate general surgery residency application personal statements","volume":"82","author":"Varman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67689-0","article-title":"Disparities in medical recommendations from AI-based chatbots across different countries\/regions","volume":"14","author":"Gumilar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26297","article-title":"Ethical and regulatory challenges of AI technologies in healthcare: A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Mennella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11675\/j.issn.0253-4304.2017.03.41","article-title":"Application of virtual reality technology in clinical medical postgraduate education and standardized residency training","volume":"39","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Guangxi Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16659\/j.cnki.1672-5654.2025.01.022","article-title":"Application and evaluation of digital technology in standardized training of dental residents","volume":"22","author":"Luan","year":"2025","journal-title":"China's Health industry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04860-z","article-title":"Use of artificial intelligence in critical care: opportunities and obstacles","volume":"28","author":"Pinsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2096-045X.2023.03.016","article-title":"Application of virtual reality technology in standardized residency training","volume":"9","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Educ Manage"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldab016","article-title":"The promise of artificial intelligence: a review of the opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"139","author":"Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.2095-1485.2011.09.027","article-title":"Application of dextroscope virtual system in clinical teaching of thyroid diseases","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin J Med Educ Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12152-y","article-title":"Robotic vs. laparoscopic surgery at the operational level: an investigation of surgeons' perspectives","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Endoscopy"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256884153","DOI":"10.1177\/15563316251345479","article-title":"Integrating artificial intelligence and virtual reality in orthopedic surgery: a comprehensive review","volume":"21","author":"Koucheki","year":"2025","journal-title":"HSS J Musculoskeletal J Hosp For Special Surg"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67435-6","article-title":"Validation of a novel, low-fidelity virtual reality simulator and an artificial intelligence assessment approach for peg transfer laparoscopic training","volume":"14","author":"Bogar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2017\/20948.9826","article-title":"Smartphone, the new learning aid amongst medical students","volume":"11","author":"Gavali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2023103","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in medicine: ethical, social and legal perspectives","volume":"52","author":"Sung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1743517","article-title":"Resident endoscopy experience correlates poorly with performance on a virtual reality simulator","volume":"8","author":"Oberoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg J (New York NY)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2024.07.003","article-title":"Navigating the intersection of technology and surgical education: advancements, challenges, and ethical considerations in orthopedic training","volume":"56","author":"Branstetter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orthopedic Clinics North America"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00104-024-02100-2","article-title":"Modern thyroid surgery : efficient and safe thyroidectomy technique","volume":"95","author":"Smaxwil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chirurgie (Heidelberg Germany)"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-025-06212-6","article-title":"Initial adaptation and surgical performance of the hinotori\u2122 robotic system among pediatric surgeons with minimal robotic exposure","volume":"41","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108809","article-title":"Unveiling surgical expertise through machine learning in a novel VR\/AR spinal simulator: a multilayered approach using transfer learning and connection weights analysis","volume":"179","author":"Alkadri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-025-05834-8","article-title":"Simulation-based training in minimally invasive surgical therapies (MIST): current evidence and future directions for artificial intelligence integration-a systematic review by EAU endourology","volume":"43","author":"Nedbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2024.109097","article-title":"Distance simulation in surgical education","volume":"180","author":"Jarry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.032","article-title":"Resident training in spine surgery: a systematic review of simulation-based educational models","volume":"174","author":"Farah","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534958299","DOI":"10.1177\/2374289520958171","article-title":"Unique multidisciplinary training practices in cytopathology: simulation training in ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the thyroid","volume":"7","author":"Ciolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Pathol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/79343","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of virtual reality on orthopedic trauma skills acquisition among surgical residents: randomized crossover study","volume":"9","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2026","journal-title":"JMIR Perioperative Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.105190","article-title":"Evidence-based healthcare competence of social and healthcare educators: a systematic review of mixed methods","volume":"108","author":"Immonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn113855-20231113-00324","article-title":"Research progress of artificial intelligence in the surgical diagnosis and treatment of thyroid and parathyroid diseases","volume":"39","author":"Hua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Gen Surg"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf399","article-title":"Integrating artificial intelligence in thyroid nodule management: clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"111","author":"Bodoque-Cubas","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12037\/YXQY.2025.09-10","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and virtual reality drive a new ecosystem of digital training in oncology surgery","volume":"17","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Med Front (Electronic version)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.5435\/jaaosglobal-d-25-00174","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in orthopaedic and trauma surgery education: applications, ethics, and future perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Leal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Res Rev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.76428","article-title":"Technological advancements in augmented, mixed, and virtual reality technologies for surgery: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Sang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08162-y","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in orthopaedic education, training and research: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Banskota","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1784933\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:34:28Z","timestamp":1785324868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1784933\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1784933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1784933","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"article-number":"1784933"}}