{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:29:49Z","timestamp":1788449389087,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":334,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent and severely disabling complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Beyond the metabolic disorder induced by glucolipotoxicity, DPN represents an immunometabolic dysregulation arising from the interaction between metabolic abnormalities and immune imbalance. This review comprehensively encapsulates recent advances in the understanding of DPN through the lens of immunometabolism. Initially, classical pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed, demonstrating that persistent hyperglycemia and lipotoxicity activate the polyol pathway, promote advanced glycation end products formation, and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which collectively inflict structural and functional damage to neurons, Schwann cells, and neurovascular units. Furthermore, neuroinflammation in DPN transcends the peripheral nerve-dorsal root ganglion-spinal cord axis, with immune cell activation and inflammatory microenvironment formation directly perpetuating clinical symptoms such as hyperalgesia and hypoesthesia. This review further delves into the molecular basis of immunometabolic dysregulation, exploring oxidative stress from excessive reactive oxygen species, nitrative stress from nitric oxide signaling imbalance, and cytokine-mediated inflammatory amplification involving TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6. The role of intestinal dysbiosis in shaping systemic immune responses through metabolite anomalies also receives attention, contributing to the neuropathic pathology. These interconnected pathways foster a pathological positive feedback loop. In addition, the spatiotemporal dynamics of immune cells like monocytes\/macrophages, T cells, B cells, microglia, and mast cells in the context of DPN are scrutinized, highlighting metabolic reprogramming and pro-inflammatory phenotypic shifts under hyperglycemic conditions. The review elucidates the complex crosstalk network between immune cells and non-immune cells, such as Schwann cells and vascular endothelial cells, which centralizes neuroinflammation regulation in DPN. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies focusing on immunometabolism are summarized, offering prospects for clinical translation. This immunometabolic perspective proves crucial in refining intervention regimens for DPN. In conclusion, immunometabolic dysregulation underpins the pathological progression of DPN, providing a comprehensive theoretical foundation for understanding its complex pathology and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1791057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:44:36Z","timestamp":1781239476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The pivotal role of immunometabolism in diabetic neuropathy and its potential therapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Run","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01041-y","article-title":"The global and regional burden of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"21","author":"Savelieff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.003","article-title":"New perspectives in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"111","author":"Eid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.137","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanisms as therapeutic targets","volume":"7","author":"Vincent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70134-5","article-title":"The role of the immune system in the generation of neuropathic pain","volume":"11","author":"Calvo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3435","article-title":"Oxidative-nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation in experimental diabetic neuropathy: the relation is revisited","volume":"54","author":"Obrosova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67029-8","article-title":"The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the cause of neuropathic osteoarthropathy (acute Charcot foot) in diabetes","volume":"366","author":"Jeffcoate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.748193","article-title":"Advances about immunoinflammatory pathogenesis and treatment in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-69","article-title":"Beneficial effect of TNF-\u03b1 inhibition on diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1433.059","article-title":"The RAGE pathway: activation and perpetuation in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"1126","author":"Lukic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010062","article-title":"Blood-nerve barrier (BNB) pathology in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and in vitro human BNB model","volume":"22","author":"Takeshita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.988481","article-title":"Excessive intake of sugar: An accomplice of inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.06.003","article-title":"Phosphorylation of spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR1 subunits by extracellular signal-regulated kinase in dorsal horn neurons and microglia contributes to diabetes-induced painful neuropathy","volume":"15","author":"Daulhac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00479.2007","article-title":"Role of nitrosative stress in early neuropathy and vascular dysfunction in streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"293","author":"Obrosova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S21751","article-title":"High TNF-alpha plasma levels and macrophages iNOS and TNF-alpha expression as risk factors for painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"4","author":"Purwata","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2513fje","article-title":"Short-term hyperglycemia produces oxidative damage and apoptosis in neurons","volume":"19","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00496-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy","volume":"17","author":"Sloan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws097","article-title":"Impaired adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling in dorsal root ganglia neurons is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy in diabetes","volume":"135","author":"Roy Chowdhury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0047","article-title":"Dyslipidemia-induced neuropathy in mice: the role of oxLDL\/LOX-1","volume":"58","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35008121","article-title":"Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage","volume":"404","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.22.12222","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing Sp1 glycosylation","volume":"97","author":"Du","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.1.165","article-title":"Oxidative injury and apoptosis of dorsal root ganglion neurons in chronic experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"52","author":"Schmeichel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.830","article-title":"Experimental diabetic neuropathy with spontaneous recovery: is there irreparable damage","volume":"54","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1927","article-title":"Effect of antioxidant treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on endoneurial blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve","volume":"50","author":"Coppey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.70","article-title":"A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists","volume":"16","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.005","article-title":"New horizons in diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, bioenergetics, and pain","volume":"93","author":"Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1303","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments","volume":"33","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02108.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress and programmed cell death in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"959","author":"Vincent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1615","article-title":"The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism","volume":"54","author":"Brownlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0603fje","article-title":"An aldose reductase inhibitor reverses early diabetes-induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense","volume":"16","author":"Obrosova","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0073","article-title":"Receptor for advanced glycation end products activation injures primary sensory neurons via oxidative stress","volume":"148","author":"Vincent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E685","article-title":"Activation of NADPH oxidase by AGE links oxidant stress to altered gene expression via RAGE","volume":"280","author":"Wautier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1176","article-title":"High-fat diet induced neuropathy of pre-diabetes and obesity: effects of \"healthy\" diet and aldose reductase inhibition","volume":"56","author":"Obrosova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.201","article-title":"Schwann cell interactions with axons and microvessels in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2011.06.007","article-title":"Nutrient excess and altered mitochondrial proteome and function contribute to neurodegeneration in diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000265062.92340.a5","article-title":"Differential expression of cytokines in painful and painless neuropathies","volume":"69","author":"U\u00e7eyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.3.935","article-title":"Endoneurial blood flow and oxygen tension in the sciatic nerves of rats with experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"107","author":"Tuck","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1913fje","article-title":"Role for nitrosative stress in diabetic neuropathy: evidence from studies with a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst","volume":"19","author":"Obrosova","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.3.711","article-title":"Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"53","author":"Obrosova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.037","article-title":"PARP inhibition alleviates diabetes-induced systemic oxidative stress and neural tissue 4-hydroxynonenal adduct accumulation: correlation with peripheral nerve function","volume":"50","author":"Lupachyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6797","article-title":"Hyperalgesia in experimental neuropathy is dependent on the TNF receptor 1","volume":"151","author":"Sommer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2011","article-title":"Subclinical inflammation and diabetic polyneuropathy: MONICA\/KORA Survey F3 (Augsburg, Germany)","volume":"32","author":"Herder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.010","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulate distal symmetric polyneuropathy in patients with diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1710868","article-title":"Integrating gut microbiota into multidisciplinary perspectives on diabetic neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Horiachok","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137006","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia: From the gut to neurodegeneration","volume":"25","author":"Chmielarz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110725","article-title":"Machine learning analysis of the UK Biobank reveals prognostic and diagnostic immune biomarkers for polyneuropathy and neuropathic pain in diabetes","volume":"201","author":"Allwright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010039","article-title":"Identification of immune infiltration and the potential biomarkers in diabetic peripheral neuropathy through bioinformatics and machine learning methods","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05043-0","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes ameliorate peripheral neuropathy in a mouse model of diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918817975","article-title":"Evoked hypoalgesia is accompanied by tonic pain and immune cell infiltration in the dorsal root ganglia at late stages of diabetic neuropathy in mice","volume":"14","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2020.1837183","article-title":"Biomarkers in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"129","author":"Adki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2517110123","article-title":"Hyperglycemia promotes SIRT3-mediated deacetylation of SARM1 to exacerbate diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.071","article-title":"Sarm1\/Myd88-5 regulates neuronal intrinsic immune response to traumatic axonal injuries","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095187","article-title":"SMTP-44D exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through its soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitory action in immortalized mouse Schwann cells upon high glucose treatment","volume":"23","author":"Shinouchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119202","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of paeonol in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats","volume":"271","author":"Adki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12452","article-title":"Transplantation of dental pulp stem cells suppressed inflammation in sciatic nerves by promoting macrophage polarization towards anti-inflammation phenotypes and ameliorated diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Omi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7597382","article-title":"Infiltration of blood-derived macrophages contributes to the development of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"2019","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1537909","article-title":"Immunometabolic alterations in type 2 diabetes mellitus revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing: insights into subtypes and therapeutic targets","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21461-4","article-title":"Fructose reprogrammes glutamine-dependent oxidative metabolism to support LPS-induced inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B59","article-title":"Effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on the activation of high glucose - induced monocytes","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nephrol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085794","article-title":"Increased monocyte-derived reactive oxygen species in type 2 diabetes: role of endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"102","author":"Restaino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250129","article-title":"High glucose reduces Nrf2-dependent cRAGE release and enhances inflammasome-dependent IL-1\u03b2 production in monocytes: the modulatory effects of EGCG","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Hum Wellness"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134777","article-title":"NRF2, a transcription factor for stress response and beyond","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11598","article-title":"Transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system in the development of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6431459","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of salvianolic acid A against diabetic peripheral neuropathy through modulation of Nrf2","volume":"2020","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230809","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0809","article-title":"Ferroptosis involves in Schwann cell death in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12434","article-title":"TLR4 and Caveolin-1 in monocytes are associated with inflammatory conditions in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15978-3","article-title":"MD2 activation by direct AGE interaction drives inflammatory diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1044834","article-title":"Caveolin-1 regulates OMV-induced macrophage pro-inflammatory activation and multiple Toll-like receptors","volume":"14","author":"Sivanantham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2006.11.011","article-title":"High glucose downregulates the number of caveolae in monocytes through oxidative stress from NADPH oxidase: implications for atherosclerosis","volume":"1772","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900395","article-title":"Dietary phenolic acids attenuate multiple stages of protein glycation and high-glucose-stimulated proinflammatory IL-1beta activation by interfering with chromatin remodeling and transcription in monocytes","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017360","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 stimulates COX-2 dependent PGE\u2082 synthesis and CGRP release in rat trigeminal ganglia cells","volume":"6","author":"Neeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02577.x","article-title":"Arachidonic acid-induced carbon-centered radicals and phospholipid peroxidation in cyclo-oxygenase-2-transfected PC12 cells","volume":"90","author":"Jiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6101838","article-title":"Generation of cellular reactive oxygen species by activation of the EP2 receptor contributes to prostaglandin E2-induced cytotoxicity in motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells","volume":"2020","author":"Kosuge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.04.068","article-title":"Intrathecal interleukin-1beta administration induces thermal hyperalgesia by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat spinal cord","volume":"1015","author":"Sung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03365-3","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 antagonist ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus associated neuropathic pain by repolarizing pro-inflammatory macrophages","volume":"46","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666191022114139","article-title":"The preventive effect of IL-1beta antagonist on diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"20","author":"Hangping","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)96799-n","article-title":"Modulation of macrophage proliferation by hyperglycemia","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046464","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces trained immunity in macrophages and their precursors and promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Edgar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02069-y","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the context of type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Witcoski Junior","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.3113","article-title":"Pioglitazone inhibits high glucose-induced expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products in coronary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"11","author":"Di","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic complications","volume":"107","author":"Giacco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11986","article-title":"Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1\u03b2 through HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"496","author":"Tannahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.033647","article-title":"CD40-mediated HIF-1\u03b1 expression underlying microangiopathy in diabetic nerve pathology","volume":"11","author":"Kan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076309","article-title":"Hyperglycemia aggravates periodontitis via autophagy impairment and ROS-inflammasome-mediated macrophage pyroptosis","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.11.010","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophage activation and function in diabetes","volume":"224","author":"Rendra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02454-6","article-title":"The macrophage: a key player in the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathies","volume":"19","author":"Msheik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0517","article-title":"Targeting the NADPH oxidase-4 and liver X receptor pathway preserves Schwann cell integrity in diabetic mice","volume":"69","author":"Eid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063564","article-title":"The connection of monocytes and reactive oxygen species in pain","volume":"8","author":"Hackel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.896557","article-title":"Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel and neurogenic inflammation in pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2012.11.001","article-title":"Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel in the pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy","volume":"4","author":"Koivisto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0039-x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species regulate axonal regeneration through the release of exosomal NADPH oxidase 2 complexes into injured axons","volume":"20","author":"Hervera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-021-00580-6","article-title":"The metaflammatory and immunometabolic role of macrophages and microglia in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Cell"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2014.11.012","article-title":"High glucose activates Raw264.7 macrophages through RhoA kinase-mediated signaling pathway","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-016-0948-8","article-title":"High glucose induced-macrophage activation through TGF-\u03b2-activated kinase 1 signaling pathway","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081892","article-title":"Repetitive intermittent hyperglycemia drives the M1 polarization and inflammatory responses in THP-1 macrophages through the mechanism involving the TLR4-IRF5 pathway","volume":"9","author":"Al-Rashed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-018-0261-0","article-title":"Sustained high glucose exposure sensitizes macrophage responses to cytokine stimuli but reduces their phagocytic activity","volume":"19","author":"Pavlou","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.1.197","article-title":"Accumulation of diabetic rat peripheral nerve myelin by macrophages increases with the presence of advanced glycosylation endproducts","volume":"160","author":"Vlassara","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13360","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and liver ischemia reperfusion injury: a role for the advanced glycation endproduct and its receptor pathway","volume":"15","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.160555","article-title":"RAGE activation in macrophages and development of experimental diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Osonoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2018.1529866","article-title":"Advanced glycation end-products disrupt human endothelial cells redox homeostasis: new insights into reactive oxygen species production","volume":"53","author":"Dobi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000392","article-title":"Oxidative stress increases surface toll-like receptor 4 expression in murine macrophages via ceramide generation","volume":"44","author":"Tawadros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910395","article-title":"Update on biomarkers of chronic inflammatory processes underlying diabetic neuropathy","volume":"25","author":"Stoian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S186372","article-title":"Cytokine production capabilities of human primary monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"12","author":"Alvarado-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00505180","article-title":"Microangiopathy in human diabetic neuropathy: relationship between capillary abnormalities and the severity of neuropathy","volume":"32","author":"Malik","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2007.12.002","article-title":"Endoneurial microvascular pathology in feline diabetic neuropathy","volume":"75","author":"Estrella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000182982.09978.66","article-title":"Cytokines and Mycobacterium leprae induce apoptosis in human Schwann cells","volume":"64","author":"Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10616","article-title":"High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins as a therapeutic option in critical illness polyneuropathy accompanying SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case-based review of the literature (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Stoian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)00127-3","article-title":"Schwann cells produce tumor necrosis factor alpha: expression in injured and non-injured nerves","volume":"73","author":"Wagner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02151-w","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 acutely enhances acid-sensing ion channel currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons via a p38 MAPK pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-27","article-title":"TNF-alpha and neuropathic pain--a review","volume":"7","author":"Leung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.11.002","article-title":"Inflammatory demyelinating events following treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor","volume":"45","author":"Fromont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4856156","article-title":"Progressive increase of inflammatory CXCR4 and TNF-Alpha in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord maintains peripheral and central sensitization to diabetic neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"2019","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00021","article-title":"Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) restricts inflammatory progression through limiting macrophage infiltration in DRG and sciatic nerve during diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.09.029","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 elevates neurite outgrowth through an NF-\u03baB-dependent pathway in cultured adult sensory neurons: diminished expression in diabetes may contribute to sensory neuropathy","volume":"1423","author":"Saleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S319863","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers levels in T2DM Emirati patients with diabetic neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Mussa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.377588","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18058","article-title":"Loss of pain perception in diabetes is dependent on a receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily","volume":"114","author":"Bierhaus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2015.68.2.159","article-title":"The time-course and RNA interference of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-1\u03b2 expression on neuropathic pain induced by L5 spinal nerve transection in rats","volume":"68","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.21952","article-title":"Interleukin-6 levels in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Chanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01221.x","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-6 treatment on neurovascular function, nerve perfusion and vascular endothelium in diabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Cotter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2006.00651.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 attenuates the development of experimental diabetes-related neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Andriambeloson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00089","article-title":"Low-dose pulsatile interleukin-6 as a treatment option for diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"8","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/547834","article-title":"The association between serum cytokines and damage to large and small nerve fibers in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"2015","author":"Magrinelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.03.011","article-title":"Transcriptional networks of progressive diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the db\/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes: an inflammatory story","volume":"305","author":"Hinder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36098-5","article-title":"Conserved transcriptional signatures in human and murine diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"8","author":"McGregor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2119-15.2015","article-title":"Role of IL-10 in resolution of inflammation and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"35","author":"Siqueira Mietto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S264136","article-title":"Interleukin-10 reduces neurogenic inflammation and pain behavior in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Yanik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.013","article-title":"Interleukin-10 signaling in somatosensory neurons controls CCL2 release and inflammatory response","volume":"116","author":"de Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08535-1","article-title":"Macrophages protect against sensory axon loss in peripheral neuropathy","volume":"640","author":"Hakim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwu111","article-title":"Galectin-3: an emerging all-out player in metabolic disorders and their complications","volume":"25","author":"Pugliese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-510x(01)00684-0","article-title":"Macrophage infiltration and death in the nerve during the early phases of experimental diabetic neuropathy: a process concomitant with endoneurial induction of IL-1beta and p75NTR","volume":"195","author":"Conti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23881","article-title":"Schwann cell p75 neurotrophin receptor modulates small fiber degeneration in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"68","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00304","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 promotes Schwann cells de-differentiation in Wallerian degeneration via the c-JUN\/AP-1 pathway","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218011","article-title":"CD4 T helper cell subsets and related human immunological disorders","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1008.2015.01007","article-title":"Detection and clinical significance of regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of elderly patients with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Academic Journal of Naval Medical University"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn431274-20200915-01290","article-title":"The level and significance of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg in peripheral blood of patients with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"23","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Physician"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108689","article-title":"High glucose impairs cognitive function through inducing mitochondrial calcium overload in Treg cells","volume":"27","author":"Hui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13764\/j.cnki.lcsy.2025.01.003","article-title":"Expression and Correlation Analysis of Peripheral Blood Th17-Related Cytokines and CD4+ Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prac. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040391","article-title":"IL-6: regulator of Treg\/Th17 balance","volume":"40","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S278439","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the correlation between inflammatory cytokines, negative emotions, and onset of peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.117","article-title":"IL-17A exacerbates diabetic retinopathy by impairing M\u00fcller cell function via Act1 signaling","volume":"48","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062505","article-title":"The role of IL-17A in mediating inflammatory responses and progression of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.999407","article-title":"Interleukin-17 as a potential therapeutic target for chronic pain","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.016","article-title":"The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-17A, augments mitochondrial function and neurite outgrowth of cultured adult sensory neurons derived from normal and diabetic rats","volume":"273","author":"Habash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12484","article-title":"Expression of CD4(+) CD28(null) T lymphocytes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: relation to microvascular complications, aortic elastic properties, and carotid intima media thickness","volume":"18","author":"El-Samahy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12506","article-title":"The life (and death) of CD4+ CD28(null) T cells in inflammatory diseases","volume":"146","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16766\/j.cnki.issn.1674-4152.000937","article-title":"\u963b\u6edeKv1.3\u901a\u9053\u6291\u5236CD4+ CD28null T\u7ec6\u80de\u6d3b\u6027\u7f13\u89e3\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u5fae\u8840\u7ba1\u635f\u4f24\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76","volume":"17","author":"\u4f59\u7b71\u71d5","year":"2019","journal-title":"\u4e2d\u534e\u5168\u79d1\u533b\u5b66"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13699\/j.cnki.1001-6821.2018.09.019","article-title":"\u7ec6\u9897\u7c92\u7269\u5bf9\u8840\u7ba1\u5185\u76ae\u7ec6\u80de\u708e\u75c7\u56e0\u5b50\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u767d\u85dc\u82a6\u9187\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4f5c\u7528","volume":"34","author":"\u91d1\u7476","year":"2018","journal-title":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000354485","article-title":"CD8(+) T cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward Schwann cells promotes diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.02.005","article-title":"Associations of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies and inflammatory markers in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"115","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2015.09.009","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, is it an autoimmune disease","volume":"168","author":"Janahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8552-4_7","article-title":"Anti-ganglioside antibodies in peripheral nerve pathology","volume":"1804","author":"Willison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1639","article-title":"Interleukin-10+ regulatory B cells arise within antigen-experienced CD40+ B cells to maintain tolerance to islet autoantigens","volume":"64","author":"Kleffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6020013","article-title":"Mechanisms by which B cells and regulatory T cells influence development of murine organ-specific autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.8.3912","article-title":"B lymphocytes are critical antigen-presenting cells for the initiation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"161","author":"Serreze","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3907","article-title":"IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) in autoimmune disease","author":"Kalampokis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00961","article-title":"IL-10 producing B cells ability to induce regulatory T cells is maintained in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Mielle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030589","article-title":"Cytokine signaling in diabetic neuropathy: a key player in peripheral nerve damage","volume":"13","author":"Nashtahosseini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR0718-269R","article-title":"Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity","volume":"105","author":"Prager","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002274","article-title":"Protective role of natural killer cells in neuropathic pain conditions","volume":"162","author":"Lassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59562-z","article-title":"Dysregulated mast cell activation induced by diabetic milieu exacerbates the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.12.001","article-title":"Dendritic cell subsets and type I diabetes: focus upon DC-based therapy","volume":"5","author":"Lo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12479","article-title":"Bacteria activate sensory neurons that modulate pain and inflammation","volume":"501","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-20-0128","article-title":"NETosis contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Njeim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01479-8","article-title":"Relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Rezaei Shahrabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040895","article-title":"Basophils orchestrating eosinophils' chemotaxis and function in allergic inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Iype","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2008.20.3.149","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roab005","article-title":"Low-dose mepolizumab is effective as an add-on therapy for treating long-lasting peripheral neuropathy in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"32","author":"Nakamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09615","article-title":"The myeloid cells of the central nervous system parenchyma","volume":"468","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2019.0136","article-title":"Increased number of activated microglia in rat spinal cord during early stage of diabetic induction","volume":"79","author":"Lanlua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02441-x","article-title":"Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease","volume":"472","author":"Koepsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1421191","article-title":"Role of microglia in diabetic neuropathic pain","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3512-08.2008","article-title":"Interleukin-18-mediated microglia\/astrocyte interaction in the spinal cord enhances neuropathic pain processing after nerve injury","volume":"28","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.20.03271-X","article-title":"Increased expression of serum IL-18 and IL-18R in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Abhilasha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol (Torino)"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01786","article-title":"P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury","volume":"424","author":"Tsuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1071-3","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"44","author":"Milne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14913","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced Sirt3 downregulation increases microglial aerobic glycolysis and inflammation in diabetic neuropathic pain pathogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14703","article-title":"SIRT3 alleviates painful diabetic neuropathy by mediating the FoxO3a-PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway to activate mitophagy","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9050763","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates pain responses and inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis rats via suppressing the TLR2\/4-MyD88-NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"2023","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.610","article-title":"High glucose enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in cultured BV2 microglial cell line","volume":"10","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00780-y","article-title":"Impact of intracellular innate immune receptors on immunometabolism","volume":"19","author":"Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.005","article-title":"Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1\u03b1 activity and IL-1\u03b2 induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Palsson-McDermott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003613","article-title":"Cutting edge: distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets","volume":"186","author":"Michalek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110278","article-title":"HIF1alpha-dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and Treg cells","volume":"208","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2687","article-title":"Rapid effector function of memory CD8+ T cells requires an immediate-early glycolytic switch","volume":"14","author":"Gubser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00202","article-title":"Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation play critical roles in natural killer cell receptor-mediated natural killer cell functions","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-12-4788","article-title":"Antigen receptor-mediated changes in glucose metabolism in B lymphocytes: role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in the glycolytic control of growth","volume":"107","author":"Doughty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00362.2014","article-title":"Enhanced fatty acid oxidation in adipocytes and macrophages reduces lipid-induced triglyceride accumulation and inflammation","volume":"308","author":"Malandrino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7692","article-title":"PD-1 alters T-cell metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation","volume":"6","author":"Patsoukis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221740110","article-title":"CD8 memory T cells have a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their rapid recall ability","volume":"110","author":"van der Windt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912059107","article-title":"Induction of fatty acid synthesis is a key requirement for phagocytic differentiation of human monocytes","volume":"107","author":"Ecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-249540","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation","volume":"115","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2833","article-title":"TLR-driven early glycolytic reprogramming via the kinases TBK1-IKK\u03b5 supports the anabolic demands of dendritic cell activation","volume":"15","author":"Everts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00115","article-title":"Differential regulation of human Treg and Th17 cells by fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis","volume":"10","author":"Cluxton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.068","article-title":"CD5L\/AIM regulates lipid biosynthesis and restrains Th17 cell pathogenicity","volume":"163","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302985","article-title":"Regulator of fatty acid metabolism, acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase 1, controls T cell immunity","volume":"192","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.551051","article-title":"Glucose-dependent de novo lipogenesis in B lymphocytes: a requirement for atp-citrate lyase in lipopolysaccharide-induced differentiation","volume":"289","author":"Dufort","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4569-09.2009","article-title":"T-cell infiltration and signaling in the adult dorsal spinal cord is a major contributor to neuropathic pain-like hypersensitivity","volume":"29","author":"Costigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01243-5","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: pathophysiology review","volume":"28","author":"Strand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.82","article-title":"IL-27, targeting antigen-presenting cells, promotes Th17 differentiation and colitis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Visperas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1449","article-title":"TNF-alpha drives human CD14+ monocytes to differentiate into CD70+ dendritic cells evoking Th1 and Th17 responses","volume":"179","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838535","article-title":"Induction, function and regulation of IL-17-producing T cells","volume":"38","author":"Mills","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00142","article-title":"Cytotoxic immunity in peripheral nerve injury and pain","volume":"14","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.022","article-title":"Natural killer cells degenerate intact sensory afferents following nerve injury","volume":"176","author":"Davies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001879","article-title":"Regulatory T cells counteract neuropathic pain through inhibition of the Th1 response at the site of peripheral nerve injury","volume":"161","author":"Davoli-Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.06.005","article-title":"Regulatory T cells attenuate neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury and experimental autoimmune neuritis","volume":"153","author":"Austin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3652","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 acts as a T-lymphocyte chemoattractant","volume":"91","author":"Carr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118808","article-title":"Loganin alleviates macrophage infiltration and activation by inhibiting the MCP-1\/CCR2 axis in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"272","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3623-08.2009","article-title":"JNK-induced MCP-1 production in spinal cord astrocytes contributes to central sensitization and neuropathic pain","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.06.025","article-title":"Blockade of CCR4 diminishes hypersensitivity and enhances opioid analgesia - evidence from a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"441","author":"Bogacka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1237-5","article-title":"Effect of deep tissue laser therapy treatment on peripheral neuropathic pain in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0067","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition alleviates experimental diabetic sensory neuropathy","volume":"55","author":"Ilnytska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0716","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"62","author":"Lupachyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.06.001","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"42","author":"Vinik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.021","article-title":"c-Jun reprograms Schwann cells of injured nerves to generate a repair cell essential for regeneration","volume":"75","author":"Arthur-Farraj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20766","article-title":"Interactions between Schwann cells and macrophages in injury and inherited demyelinating disease","volume":"56","author":"Martini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.021","article-title":"Macrophage-induced blood vessels guide Schwann cell-mediated regeneration of peripheral nerves","volume":"162","author":"Cattin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910785","article-title":"Unveiling the role of Schwann cell plasticity in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"25","author":"Abd Razak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12744-2","article-title":"Schwann cells promote post-traumatic nerve inflammation and neuropathic pain through MHC class II","volume":"7","author":"Hartlehnert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1427679","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathy based on Schwann cell injury: mechanisms of cell death regulation and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1480534","article-title":"Spinal neuron-glial crosstalk and ion channel dysregulation in diabetic neuropathic pain","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170117104053","article-title":"High glucose enhances neurotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine secretion by stimulated human astrocytes","volume":"14","author":"Bahniwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.04.003","article-title":"Peripheral immune contributions to the maintenance of central glial activation underlying neuropathic pain","volume":"25","author":"Grace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20623","article-title":"Activation of dorsal horn microglia contributes to diabetes-induced tactile allodynia via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling","volume":"56","author":"Tsuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.01.057","article-title":"Activated microglia in the spinal cord underlies diabetic neuropathic pain","volume":"728","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01038","article-title":"Functional and structural changes of the blood-nerve-barrier in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"12","author":"Richner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370412","article-title":"Basement membrane reduplication and pericyte degeneration precede development of diabetic polyneuropathy and are associated with its severity","volume":"37","author":"Giannini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv263","article-title":"Impaired Hedgehog signalling-induced endothelial dysfunction is sufficient to induce neuropathy: implication in diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Chapouly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1338.067","article-title":"Role of advanced glycation end products and their receptors in development of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"1043","author":"Wada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.06.034","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of diabetic neuropathy and its pharmacotherapeutic targets","volume":"833","author":"Dewanjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3016-07.2007","article-title":"Expression of CCR2 in both resident and bone marrow-derived microglia plays a critical role in neuropathic pain","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154867","article-title":"Management of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"123","author":"Cernea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00188-0","article-title":"Towards prevention of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and new treatments","volume":"21","author":"Elafros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13594-z","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic advances in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"273","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0511","article-title":"Pharmacologic interventions for painful diabetic neuropathy: an umbrella systematic review and comparative effectiveness network meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"Griebeler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1496","article-title":"Efficacy and harms of long-term opioid therapy in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of open-label extension trials with a study duration \u226526 weeks","volume":"24","author":"Bialas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0291-z","article-title":"Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy","volume":"30","author":"P\u00e5lsson-McDermott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.078","article-title":"Metformin improves in vivo and in vitro B cell function in individuals with obesity and Type-2 Diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04235-0","article-title":"Metformin alleviates inflammation through suppressing FASN-dependent palmitoylation of Akt","volume":"12","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.662114","article-title":"Metformin inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species from NADH:Ubiquinone oxidoreductase to limit induction of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and boosts interleukin-10 (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages","volume":"290","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.11.028","article-title":"Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, attenuates obesity-induced inflammation in the nodose ganglion, hypothalamus, and skeletal muscle of mice","volume":"794","author":"Naznin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24425","article-title":"Exendin-4 inhibits iNOS expression at the protein level in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophage by the activation of cAMP\/PKA pathway","volume":"114","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1462","article-title":"Beneficial effects of exendin-4 on experimental polyneuropathy in diabetic mice","volume":"60","author":"Himeno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14063","article-title":"Liraglutide treatment reduced interleukin-6 in adults with type 1 diabetes but did not improve established autonomic or polyneuropathy","volume":"85","author":"Brock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm834","article-title":"Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Hammes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600418200","article-title":"Regulation of intracellular glucose and polyol pathway by thiamine and benfotiamine in vascular cells cultured in high glucose","volume":"281","author":"Berrone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00351","article-title":"Benfotiamine upregulates antioxidative system in activated BV-2 microglia cells","volume":"9","author":"Bozic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1065351","article-title":"Benfotiamine in diabetic polyneuropathy (BENDIP): results of a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"116","author":"Stracke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200608","article-title":"Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of \u03b1-lipoic acid and therapeutic potential","volume":"57","author":"Rochette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0353","article-title":"Alpha-lipoic acid: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in diabetes","volume":"93","author":"Rochette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163634","article-title":"Effects of oral alpha-lipoic acid treatment on diabetic polyneuropathy: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1497958","article-title":"Non-pharmacologic treatments for symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Amato Nesbit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.177745","article-title":"Epalrestat protects against diabetic peripheral neuropathy by alleviating oxidative stress and inhibiting polyol pathway","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.17.4.575","article-title":"Ranirestat as a therapeutic aldose reductase inhibitor for diabetic complications","volume":"17","author":"Giannoukakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2370","article-title":"Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor-Diabetes Complications Trial","volume":"29","author":"Hotta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2110","article-title":"Ranirestat for the management of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy","volume":"32","author":"Bril","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.8.2102","article-title":"Protein kinase Cbeta selective inhibitor LY333531 attenuates diabetic hyperalgesia through ameliorating cGMP level of dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2013.37.5.375","article-title":"Ruboxistaurin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Bansal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721001-00003","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine in diabetic polyneuropathy: experimental and clinical data","author":"Sima","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12493","article-title":"Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011265.pub2","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"6","author":"Rolim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2333-6","article-title":"NGF attenuates high glucose-induced ER stress, preventing Schwann cell apoptosis by activating the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK3\u03b2 and ERK1\/2 pathways","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2015.1057725","article-title":"Exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor relieves pain symptoms of diabetic rats by reducing excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2016.01.006","article-title":"Viral vector mediated continuous expression of interleukin-10 in DRG alleviates pain in type 1 diabetic animals","volume":"72","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262892","article-title":"Intravenous administration of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue and umbilical cord improves neuropathic pain via suppression of neuronal damage and anti-inflammatory actions in rats","volume":"17","author":"Miyano","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1731-x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6 secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuates neuropathic pain by inhibiting the TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in spinal microglia","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9904","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09487-5","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of human adipose-derived stem cells and their secretome in experimental diabetic pain","volume":"7","author":"Brini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0729-5","article-title":"Transplantation of dental pulp stem cells improves long-term diabetic polyneuropathy together with improvement of nerve morphometrical evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Omi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.10.029","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations express a variety of neuro-regulatory molecules and promote neuronal cell survival and neuritogenesis","volume":"198","author":"Crigler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26704-x","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes peripheral nerve regeneration by activating repair Schwann cells","volume":"8","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.186","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of HGF gene therapy in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"2","author":"Kessler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12977","article-title":"Gene therapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of VM202, a plasmid DNA encoding human hepatocyte growth factor","volume":"14","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21675","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer for diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomized, double-blinded trial","volume":"65","author":"Ropper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1342","article-title":"New therapeutic and biomarker discovery for peripheral diabetic neuropathy: PARP inhibitor, nitrotyrosine, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"151","author":"Drel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715303266444231008143430","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: an overview of molecular pathways and protective mechanisms of phytobioactives","volume":"24","author":"Hashim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200826164322","article-title":"Flavonoids as potential therapeutic agents for the management of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680266330678240821060623","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of quercetin in diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy: exploring molecular mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Saikia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S491175","article-title":"Quercetin alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy by regulating axon guidance factors and inhibiting the Rho\/ROCK pathway in vivo and in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.636172","article-title":"Quercetin attenuates diabetic peripheral neuropathy by correcting mitochondrial abnormality via activation of AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway in vivo and in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174607","article-title":"Quercetin reduces inflammation in a rat model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by regulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"912","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01790-2","article-title":"Natural therapy proposed for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)","author":"Merghany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8787231","article-title":"Effects of curcumin treatment in a diabetic neuropathic pain model of rats: involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase located in the astrocytes and neurons of the dorsal root ganglion","volume":"2021","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20100065","article-title":"Curcumin regulates miR-21 expression and inhibits invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer","volume":"31","author":"Mudduluru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4087","article-title":"Induction of microRNA-146a is involved in curcumin-mediated enhancement of temozolomide cytotoxicity against human glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.02.014","article-title":"Nano curcumin supplementation reduced the severity of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Asadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10152","article-title":"Resveratrol: a review of plant sources, synthesis, stability, modification and food application","volume":"100","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202830","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol attenuates the severity of diabetic neuropathy by activating the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S400936","article-title":"Resveratrol improves paclitaxel-induced cognitive impairment in mice by activating SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway to regulate neuronal state and microglia cell polarization","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166714","article-title":"Nrf2 signaling in diabetic nephropathy, cardiomyopathy and neuropathy: therapeutic targeting, challenges and future prospective","volume":"1869","author":"Hashemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04311-4","article-title":"Resveratrol modulates diabetes-induced neuropathic pain, apoptosis, and oxidative neurotoxicity in mice through TRPV4 channel inhibition","volume":"61","author":"Osmanl\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11157","article-title":"Resveratrol alleviates diabetic mechanical allodynia in rats by downregulating P2X3R","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200821124817","article-title":"Natural alkaloids and diabetes mellitus: a review","volume":"21","author":"Ajebli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-019-01659-6","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates diabetic neuropathic pain in a rat model: involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, and \u03bc-opioid receptors","volume":"392","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.12.029","article-title":"Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase modulation by berberine attenuates mitochondrial deficits and redox imbalance in experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"131","author":"Yerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7641","article-title":"Jatrorrhizine ameliorates Schwann cell myelination via inhibiting HDAC3 ability to recruit Atxn2l for regulating the NRG1-ErbB2-PI3K-AKT pathway in diabetic peripheral neuropathy mice","volume":"37","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113439","article-title":"Capsaicin, its clinical significance in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"153","author":"Dludla","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S526968","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Pathophysiology and new insights into the mechanism of action of high-concentration topical capsaicin","volume":"17","author":"Armstrong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.09.008","article-title":"Capsaicin 8% patch in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"18","author":"Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.02.009","article-title":"Role of the P2X7 receptor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its microvascular complications","volume":"47","author":"Solini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-017-0951-8","article-title":"Salidroside ameliorates diabetic neuropathic pain in rats by inhibiting neuroinflammation","volume":"63","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S301068","article-title":"Astragaloside IV inhibits mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis of the dorsal root ganglion in diabetic peripheral neuropathy rats through modulation of the SIRT1\/p53 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Ben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b22-00619","article-title":"Artesunate inhibits apoptosis and promotes survival in Schwann cells via the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR axis in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154434","article-title":"Magnolol effectively ameliorates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050573","article-title":"Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy-a narrative review of pharmacological and interventional approaches","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/5328365","article-title":"Neuropathic pain relief through transcutaneous electrical neuromuscular stimulation: Insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical evidence","volume":"2025","author":"ElMeligie","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.09.020","article-title":"Pain relief by spinal cord stimulation involves serotonergic mechanisms: an experimental study in a rat model of mononeuropathy","volume":"147","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.11.006","article-title":"Decreased intracellular GABA levels contribute to spinal cord stimulation-induced analgesia in rats suffering from painful peripheral neuropathy: the role of KCC2 and GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition","volume":"60","author":"Janssen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0983","article-title":"Severity of neuropathy is associated with long-term spinal cord stimulation outcome in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Five-year follow-up of a prospective two-center clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"van Beek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.09.005","article-title":"High-frequency spinal cord stimulation treatment attenuates the increase in spinal glutamate release and spinal miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in rats with spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain","volume":"164","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0538","article-title":"Effect of high-frequency (10-kHz) spinal cord stimulation in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Petersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168575","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture on diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-020-00769-8","article-title":"Acupuncture attenuates the development of diabetic peripheral neuralgia by regulating P2X4 expression and inflammation in rat spinal microglia","volume":"70","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12035","article-title":"Electroacupuncture suppresses mechanical allodynia and nuclear factor \u03ba B signaling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i2.93130","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy through modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and suppressing oxidative stress","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-019-03052-8","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of moxibustion simultaneously targeting Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.12.016","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of curcumin: A review of clinical trials","volume":"163","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","article-title":"The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"329","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2114","article-title":"Neuropathy and related findings in the diabetes control and complications trial\/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0528-7","article-title":"Glucose control and diabetic neuropathy: lessons from recent large clinical trials","volume":"14","author":"Ang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0903","article-title":"Prevalence of neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease and the impact of treatment in people with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: the ADDITION-Denmark study","volume":"34","author":"Charles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60576-4","article-title":"Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial","volume":"376","author":"Ismail-Beigi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-022-01061-7","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"D'Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"B327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.21.1831","article-title":"Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"280","author":"Backonja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.02.032","article-title":"Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain evaluated in a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial of flexible- and fixed-dose regimens","volume":"115","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13178","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of mirogabalin in Asian patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain","volume":"11","author":"Baba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.25614","article-title":"GABA analogue HSK16149 in Chinese patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: A phase 3 randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070856","article-title":"Effectiveness of duloxetine versus other therapeutic modalities in patients with diabetic neuropathic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Valenzuela-Fuenzalida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"B332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12641","article-title":"Treatment of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in China: a double-blind randomised trial of duloxetine vs. placebo","volume":"69","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"B333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221099542","article-title":"Stimulating results signal a new treatment option for people living with painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"17","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"B334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.1868433","article-title":"The time to develop treatments for diabetic neuropathy","volume":"30","author":"Rendell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1791057\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:44:47Z","timestamp":1781239487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1791057\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":334,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1791057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1791057","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"article-number":"1791057"}}