{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:40:47Z","timestamp":1791420047698,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The maternal-fetal axis plays a critical role in human development. Obesity during pregnancy may be associated with alterations in this axis, particularly the placental dopaminergic signaling, potentially affecting infant neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants (n=35) from the OBESO cohort (Mexico City) were classified by pregestational BMI as normal weight (n=20) or obese (n=15). Clinical and anthropometric variables of the mother\u2013infant dyads were recorded. Neurodevelopment was evaluated in one-month-old infants using the Bayley-III Scales and classified as normal or altered (score \u22647 in any domain). Placental dopamine (DA) concentrations were quantified by ELISA and correlated with neurodevelopmental status. A subset of samples was analyzed by Western blot to explore the expression of key dopaminergic components: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), dopamine transporter (DAT), and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reduced placental DA concentrations, together with altered expression of key dopaminergic elements characterized by increased COMT and DAT, and decreased VMAT2, were observed in association with maternal obesity, inadequate gestational weight gain, and altered infant neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides exploratory evidence that maternal obesity and inadequate GWG may be associated with early alterations in the intrauterine metabolic and neuroendocrine environment, including changes in the placental dopaminergic system. Differences in the expression of COMT, DAT, and VMAT2, together with lower placental DA concentrations, which may be linked to early neurodevelopmental variability in infants. Overall, the results suggest a potential relationship between maternal metabolic status and placental neuroendocrine pathways, warranting further investigation in larger and longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1799454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:45:26Z","timestamp":1779684326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal obesity and inadequate gestational weight gain disrupts placental dopaminergic signaling: impact on infant neurodevelopment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Soria-Reinoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda-Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Flores-Pliego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Mario","family":"Solis-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo Alejandro","family":"Canul-Euan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados sobre Violencia-Prevenci\u00f3n (CEAVI-P), Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]},{"name":"Star M\u00e9dica Hospital Infantil Privado","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Espejel-Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda-Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Torres-Calapiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otilia","family":"Perichart-Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen J.","family":"Zamora-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Barrientos-Galeana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Borboa-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Interventions Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Estrada-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Camacho-Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda-Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.002","article-title":"Placental inflammation, oxidative stress, and fetal outcomes in maternal obesity","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2023.102407","article-title":"Placental dysfunction in obese women and antenatal surveillance","volume":"91","author":"Doshani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190266","article-title":"Placental function in maternal obesity","volume":"134","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24603","article-title":"The placenta\u2010brain\u2010axis","volume":"99","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1694018","article-title":"Placental serotonergic system dysregulation is associated with early impairments in infant neurodevelopment","volume":"16","author":"Canul-Euan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3048171","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and small for gestational age in obese women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2023","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105360","article-title":"Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring\u2019s neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214613","article-title":"Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and children\u2019s cognitive development: A birth cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02799-6","article-title":"Rates of maternal weight gain over the course of pregnancy and offspring risk of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15790-7","article-title":"Functional characterization of dopamine and norepinephrine transport across the apical and basal plasma membranes of the human placental syncytiotrophoblast","volume":"12","author":"Horackova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135540","article-title":"The neurodevelopmental role of dopaminergic signaling in neurological disorders","volume":"741","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2020.107272","article-title":"On the role of the dopaminergic system in the memory deficits induced by maternal deprivation","volume":"173","author":"Neves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080995","article-title":"Placenta extracellular vesicles: Messengers connecting maternal and fetal systems","volume":"14","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2024.102415","article-title":"The neurobiological effects of senescence on dopaminergic system: A comprehensive review","volume":"137","author":"Rocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.12.017","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase and regulation of dopamine synthesis","volume":"508","author":"Daubner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-009-8059-y","article-title":"Protective actions of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoaminergic neurons","volume":"39","author":"Guillot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.11.004","article-title":"Presynaptic regulation of dopamine release: Role of the DAT and VMAT2 transporters","volume":"122","author":"Mulvihill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32578","article-title":"The dopamine transporter role in psychiatric phenotypes","volume":"177","author":"Salatino-Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01335-z","article-title":"Effects of pharmacological and genetic regulation of COMT activity in alcohol use disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of tolcapone","volume":"47","author":"Schacht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00556-0","article-title":"Catechol O-methyltransferase mRNA expression in human and rat brain: evidence for a role in cortical neuronal function","volume":"116","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105124","article-title":"Dopamine receptors in emesis: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic function","volume":"161","author":"Belkacemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1061317","article-title":"Serotonin system in the human placenta \u2013 the knowns and unknowns","volume":"13","author":"Peri\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00871-0","article-title":"The impact of maternal obesity on childhood neurodevelopment","volume":"41","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050891","article-title":"Maternal obesity and neurodevelopment of the offspring","volume":"17","author":"Eleftheriades","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1165743","article-title":"Associations of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with risk of offspring neurodevelopment at 2 years: A Chinese birth cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7015626","article-title":"Maternal and fetal lipid and adipokine profiles and their association with obesity","volume":"2016","author":"Solis-Paredes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092517","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Mexican pregnant women: Is supplementation with \u2264400 IU\/day enough","volume":"12","author":"Perichart-Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children12101385","article-title":"Maternal overweight and obesity alter neurodevelopmental trajectories during the first year of life: Findings from the OBESO cohort","volume":"12","author":"Canul-Euan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15091129","article-title":"Association of the triglyceride\u2013glucose index during the first trimester of pregnancy with adverse perinatal outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Gurza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"868","volume-title":"Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines","year":"2010"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199208000-00020","article-title":"Anthropometric standardization reference manual: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"24","author":"Lohman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exercise"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319063","article-title":"How to use the bayley scales of infant and toddler development","volume":"106","author":"Rosario","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood - Educ Pract"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1910-69","article-title":"Which Bayley-III cut-off values should be used in different developmental levels","volume":"50","author":"\u00c7elik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3109\/01942638.2011.592572","article-title":"The use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III with clinical populations: A preliminary exploration","volume":"32","author":"Milne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther In Pediatr"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00441-z","article-title":"Influence of maternal overweight, obesity and gestational weight gain on the perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Miao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01782-w","article-title":"Optimal gestational weight gain in women with pregestational type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study in China","volume":"17","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndrome"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03454-w","article-title":"Effects of dopamine on stem cells and its potential roles in the treatment of inflammatory disorders: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00260","article-title":"Developmental origins of brain disorders: roles for dopamine","volume":"7","author":"Money","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09851-4","article-title":"Where is dopamine and how do immune cells see it?: Dopamine-mediated immune cell function in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Matt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.032","article-title":"Obesity during pregnancy and deficits in offspring neurobehavioral flexibility: The CONFINE model","volume":"99","author":"Krzeczkowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad031","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental programming of adiposity: Contributions to obesity risk","volume":"45","author":"Skowronski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.02.007","article-title":"Deficits of mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in rat dietary obesity","volume":"159","author":"Geiger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000196","article-title":"Obesity and dietary fat influence dopamine neurotransmission: Exploring the convergence of metabolic state, physiological stress, and inflammation on dopaminergic control of food intake","volume":"35","author":"Wallace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21306","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet and obesity impact palatable food intake and dopamine signaling in nonhuman primate offspring","volume":"23","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010181","article-title":"Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain modified the association between prenatal depressive symptoms and toddler\u2019s emotional and behavioral problems: A prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53652-x","article-title":"Maternal overnutrition during critical developmental periods leads to different health adversities in the offspring: Relevance of obesity, addiction and schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Sarker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57481-5","article-title":"Developmental expression of catecholamine system in the human placenta and rat fetoplacental unit","volume":"14","author":"Karahoda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2024.02.014","article-title":"Developmental dopaminergic signaling modulates neural circuit formation and contributes to autism spectrum disorder\u2013related phenotypes","volume":"194","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0314-8","article-title":"Mice exposed to maternal androgen excess and diet-induced obesity have altered phosphorylation of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the placenta and fetal liver","volume":"43","author":"Fornes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113103","article-title":"Influence of maternal obesity on the multi-omics profiles of the maternal body, gestational tissue, and offspring","volume":"151","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.10.011","article-title":"Placental pathologic features in obesity","volume":"144","author":"Beneventi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-024-07462-w","article-title":"Maternal obesity and placental function: impaired maternal\u2013fetal axis","volume":"309","author":"Louwen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.4510","article-title":"Effect of maternal obesity on fetal growth and expression of placental fatty acid transporters","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jcrpe"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.12.037","article-title":"Maternal high-fat intake alters presynaptic regulation of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and increases motivation for fat rewards in the offspring","volume":"176","author":"Naef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2016.09.008","article-title":"Suboptimal maternal diets alter mu opioid receptor and dopamine type 1 receptor binding but exert no effect on dopamine transporters in the offspring brain","volume":"64","author":"Thanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.11.008","article-title":"Prevalence and co-occurrence of developmental and emotional-behavioral problems in young children","volume":"23","author":"Sheldrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126386","article-title":"Let\u2019s talk about placental sex, baby: understanding mechanisms that drive female- and male-specific fetal growth and developmental outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Meakin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gau035","article-title":"Integrative transcriptome meta-analysis reveals widespread sex-biased gene expression at the human fetal-maternal interface","volume":"20","author":"Buckberry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1799454\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:45:42Z","timestamp":1779684342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1799454\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1799454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1799454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"article-number":"1799454"}}