{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:44:34Z","timestamp":1792601074876,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) are linked to autoimmune skin diseases, comparative data on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We emulated a randomized active-comparator trial using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network. Adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) initiating GLP-1 RAs or DPP-4is between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, were identified, excluding prior users of either class. Balanced cohorts (n=169,630 each) were created using 1:1 propensity score matching. To address protopathic bias, outcomes occurring within 3 months after drug initiation were not considered. Patients were followed for up to 4 years for newly diagnosed autoimmune or inflammatory skin diseases. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with DPP-4i initiation, GLP-1 RA initiation was associated with a higher risk of incident psoriasis (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11\u20131.28) and lower risks of pemphigus (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.16\u20130.63) and bullous pemphigoid (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43\u20130.87). No significant differences were observed for other inflammatory or autoimmune skin outcomes after multiple-testing correction. Findings persisted across subgroup and sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a large, real-world study designed to emulate a clinical trial, GLP-1 RAs were linked to increased psoriasis and decreased autoimmune blistering diseases compared with DPP-4is over up to 4 years\u2019 follow-up. These results provide a dermatologic safety context to guide incretin therapy selection and highlight the importance of ongoing skin monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1801203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:43:49Z","timestamp":1776055429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dermatologic outcomes associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a large-scale target trial emulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi-Lun","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, 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Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hsien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University","place":["New Taipei City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Digital Medicine, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i6.774","article-title":"Incretin manipulation in diabetes 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