{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:37:35Z","timestamp":1776836255218,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Euryhaline fishes can inhabit salinities ranging from fresh water (FW) to seawater (SW), in part because their endocrine system aligns the ion-transporting capacities of branchial ionocytes with the external environment. Ionocytes also directly sense extracellular osmolality and adjust their functions accordingly; therefore, this study investigated the interplay between osmotic conditions and osmoregulatory hormones in Mozambique tilapia (\n                      <jats:italic>Oreochromis mossambicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) to further elucidate the basis of euryhalinity. We sought to determine whether prolactin (Prl) supports FW acclimation by counteracting osmotic and hormonal signals that initiate branchial responses to SW environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We first combined hypophysectomy, hormone replacement, RNA-Seq, and qPCR to identify\n                      <jats:italic>cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr)<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>osmotic stress transcription factor 1 (ostf1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (sgk1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      as Prl-repressed genes. We then leveraged a series of\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experimental paradigms to characterize their regulation by environmental salinity, Prl, cortisol, and extracellular osmolality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings indicate that 1) Prl\u2019s capacity to antagonize cortisol-stimulated\n                      <jats:italic>cftr<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression depends on extracellular osmotic conditions; 2) Prl and cortisol play opposing roles in regulating branchial\n                      <jats:italic>ostf1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression; 3) Sgk1 is expressed in \u2018SW-type\u2019 ionocytes, where interactions among Prl, cortisol, and osmotic conditions influence its expression; and 4) Prl promotes the expression of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Na\n                        <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                        \/Cl\n                        <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                        cotransporter 2\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Clc family Cl\n                        <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                        channel 2c\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , as shown previously.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combined actions of osmotic stimuli, Prl, and cortisol shape the branchial expression of\n                      <jats:italic>cftr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ostf1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>sgk1<\/jats:italic>\n                      . While hyperosmotic extracellular conditions and cortisol promote the activation of these genes during SW acclimation, Prl supports FW adaptation by suppressing these genes and promoting processes underlying active ion uptake. Thus, euryhaline tilapia adjust the ion-transporting activity of their branchial ionocytes to meet environmental demands by integrating multiple regulatory cues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1802254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:38:41Z","timestamp":1776832721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prolactin, cortisol, and extracellular osmolality regulate cftr, ostf1, and sgk1 in tilapia ionocytes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Breves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Skidmore College","place":["Saratoga Springs, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Wen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayu","family":"Inokuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo","place":["Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia A.","family":"Seale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai\u2019i at M\u0101noa","place":["Honolulu, HI, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre P.","family":"Seale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai\u2019i at M\u0101noa","place":["Honolulu, HI, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5047\/absm.2008.00101.0001","article-title":"Functional morphology of mitochondrion-rich cells in euryhaline and stenohaline teleosts","volume":"1","author":"Kaneko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aqua-BioSci. 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