{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:10:33Z","timestamp":1791846633915,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic Neurogenic Bladder (DNB) is a prevalent urological disorder and autonomic nervous system complication associated with diabetes mellitus. This condition may lead to severe renal damage if not properly managed. Despite its clinical significance, there is a lack of unified standards for current DNB animal models, and previous review articles fail to provide sufficient objective data to support their conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aims to systematically summarize the characteristics of DNB animal models through data mining techniques, thereby offering a theoretical reference for the establishment of standardized DNB animal models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relevant studies were searched in 7 databases including PubMed and CNKI. After screening in accordance with the PRISMA flow diagram, a total of 352 eligible studies were included in the analysis. The SYRCLE tool was employed for quality assessment of the included studies, while SPSS Modeler (utilizing the Apriori algorithm) and R software were used for statistical analysis and result visualization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SD rats, Wistar rats, and C57BL\/6 mice were identified as the primary animal species used for constructing DNB models, with male animals accounting for 82.39% of the total. Chemical induction (predominantly streptozotocin, STZ; 74.15%) and combined induction with STZ plus a high-sugar and high-fat diet (13.64%) were the mainstream modeling methods. The most commonly used STZ dose was 60 mg\/kg (administered as a single injection), and the typical modeling cycle was 8 weeks. The core criteria for successful modeling were the combined detection of blood glucose, urodynamics, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). However, existing studies exhibited certain biases, such as insufficient blinding procedures. The characteristics of detection indicators were centered on a dual core of \u201cbasic pathological changes of diabetes mellitus + local bladder lesions,\u201d involving mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, neuroinjury, and cell death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study clarifies the current application status of DNB animal models, addressing the research gap existing in previous review articles. Future research should focus on optimizing modeling protocols, promoting the application of non-invasive detection indicators, and enhancing the standardized reporting of study details.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1804610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:45:53Z","timestamp":1783403153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Induced diabetic neurogenic bladder animal models: application characteristics and standardization proposals via systematic data mining"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aihong","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiankang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Linhai City","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Chenzhou City","place":["Chenzhou, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-22-840","article-title":"Pelvic floor myofascial manipulation combined with Kegel exercise and mecobalamin in the treatment of atypical diabetic neurogenic bladder: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1501690","article-title":"Global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2044: a systematic analysis across SDI levels for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.12.S1.34","article-title":"Insights from the diabetes control and complications trial\/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study on the use of intensive glycemic treatment to reduce the risk of complications of type 1 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Genuth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.06.084","article-title":"Re: Sarma et\u00a0al.: Risk factors for urinary incontinence among women with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study (Urology 2009;73:1203-1209)","volume":"74","author":"Araco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2375","article-title":"Effect of intensive glycemic control and diabetes complications on lower urinary tract symptoms in men with type 1 diabetes: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT\/EDIC) study","volume":"32","author":"Van Den Eeden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2448144.122","article-title":"Implantable neuromodulation for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: a single-institution retrospective study","volume":"28","author":"Buford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Neurourol J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-022-02246-y","article-title":"Daidzein attenuates urinary bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by NOX-4 and RAC-1 inhibition","volume":"395","author":"Laddha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358728","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathies: diagnosis and management","volume":"98","author":"Deli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0885-3","article-title":"Drug targets in neurotrophin signaling in the central and peripheral nervous system","volume":"55","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-014-0446-0","article-title":"Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases","volume":"30","author":"Phaniendra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"14","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endocrinology and oncology","volume":"62","author":"Kajdaniuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011150","article-title":"The sirenic links between diabetes, obesity, and bladder cancer","volume":"22","author":"Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.812967","article-title":"Oxidative stress: a putative link between lower urinary tract symptoms and aging and major chronic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0885-3","article-title":"Drug targets in neurotrophin signaling in the central and peripheral nervous system","volume":"55","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.07.084","article-title":"Animal models of diabetic uropathy","volume":"182","author":"Daneshgari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-021-00338-z","article-title":"Data mining in clinical big data: the frequently used databases, steps, and methodological models","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102645","article-title":"Process mining and data mining applications in the domain of chronic diseases: a systematic review","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892002358291250401190533","article-title":"A data mining approach on polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions of common diabetes medications","volume":"26","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"53","article-title":"Performance comparison of association rule mining algorithms among Apriori, FP-Growth, FP-Max, and H-Mine for market basket analysis","volume":"45","author":"Phiwhorm","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Sci Technol Mahasarakham Univ"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15105498","article-title":"Efficient discovery of association rules in e-commerce: comparing candidate generation and pattern growth techniques","volume":"15","author":"Hunyadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1612473","article-title":"Data mining\u2013based analysis to explore the application of an animal model of diabetic gastroparesis","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2022.112","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviewsDeclaraci\u00f3n PRISMA 2020: una gu\u00eda actualizada para la publicaci\u00f3n de revisiones sistem\u00e1ticas","volume":"46","author":"Page","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01885-4","article-title":"Trends and comparisons of diabetes burden in China and the world from 1990 to 2021,with forecasts to 2050:a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237001","article-title":"Chronic complications of diabetes: prevalence, prevention, and management","volume":"13","author":"Migdalis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284251381834","article-title":"Manual acupuncture alleviates bladder dysfunction and ameliorates oxidative stress in a rat model of diabetic neurogenic bladder","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-2025-234","article-title":"Assessments of neurogenic bladder dysfunction induced by spinal cord injury, bladder outlet obstruction and diabetes: a comparative study of rat models","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Factors affacting the diabetic models induced by streptozocin in SD and Wistar rats","volume":"16","author":"Xue-Jun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sin"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13051158","article-title":"Experimental models of type 2 diabetes mellitus induced by combining hyperlipidemic diet (HFD) and streptozotocin administration in rats: an integrative review","volume":"13","author":"Brito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64244-9","article-title":"Differential expression of bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA in male and female rats after bladder outflow obstruction","volume":"168","author":"Zvara","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)36981-1","article-title":"Comparison of urinary bladder function in 6 and 24 month male and female rats","volume":"148","author":"Longhurst","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02946.x","article-title":"Testosterone\/estradiol ratio regulates NO-induced bladder relaxation and responsiveness to PDE5 inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Vignozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182635bae","article-title":"Protective effects of estrogen on ischemia\/reperfusion-induced bladder dysfunction in female rabbits","volume":"20","author":"Chuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S82272","article-title":"Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rodents as a model for studying mitochondrial mechanisms of diabetic \u03b2 cell glucotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0845","article-title":"NLRP3 promotes diabetic bladder dysfunction and changes in symptom-specific bladder innervation","volume":"68","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2015.11.004","article-title":"Experimental diabetes induced by alloxan and streptozotocin: the current state of the art","volume":"78","author":"Radenkovi\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-6187.2017.12.012","article-title":"Effects of different doses of streptozotocin on islet structure and main cell component in mice","volume":"25","author":"Rui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Diabetes"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2023.151432","article-title":"Role of cell-based therapies in T2D","volume":"43","author":"Ashe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jns5.12072","article-title":"Phenotyping animal models of diabetic neuropathy: a consensus statement of the diabetic neuropathy study group of the EASD (Neurodiab)","volume":"19","author":"Biessels","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.1.4.252","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4,400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973 (3rd and last part) (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"3","author":"Pirart","year":"1977","journal-title":"Diabete Metab"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019843","article-title":"Effect of electroacupuncture on diabetic neurogenic bladder: a randomized controlled trial protocol","volume":"99","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2020.09.006","article-title":"Urodynamics: all the nurse needs to know","volume":"30","author":"Bentellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Urol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-04742-w","article-title":"IUGA report on reporting urodynamics in women","volume":"33","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70113","article-title":"Detrusor overactivity and urodynamics","volume":"45","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70128","article-title":"Artifacts in urodynamic studies: a narrative review","volume":"44","author":"Pourghazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-020-00989-w","article-title":"Advances in ambulatory urodynamics","volume":"21","author":"Kocher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2025.0270","article-title":"The feasibility and safety of the Glean Urodynamics System: the Modern Urodynamics System Efficacy Study","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70074","article-title":"The future of urodynamics: innovations, challenges, and possibilities","volume":"45","author":"Chew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1804610\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:45:58Z","timestamp":1783403158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1804610\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1804610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1804610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"article-number":"1804610"}}