{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:47:00Z","timestamp":1789696020927,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Birth weight is a strong determinant of long-term metabolic health, with both low birth weight and macrosomia linked to increased cardiometabolic risk. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E modulate pathways relevant to fetal growth, however, their trajectories and potential associations with birth weight in pregnant individuals with overweight or obesity remain scarcely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine maternal vitamins A (retinol), D (25(OH)D), and E (\u03b1-tocopherol) concentrations during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and their associations with birth weight, in individuals with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary analysis of the Exercise Training in Pregnancy Trial (ETIP) study included 57 mother-infant pairs with available vitamin measurements in the second and third trimesters. Plasma retinol and \u03b1-tocopherol were measured by high performance liquid chromatography, and serum 25(OH)D by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Birth weight was classified as normal (2500 \u2013 &amp;lt; 4000\u00a0g) or macrosomic (\u2265 4000\u00a0g). Circulating vitamin concentrations between trimesters were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and associations between vitamins and birth weight were examined using multivariate linear regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the second to the third trimester, mean maternal retinol and 25(OH)D concentrations declined significantly (retinol: 1.52 (SD\u00a0=\u00a00.37) to 1.32 (SD\u00a0=\u00a00.33) \u00b5mol\/L; 25(OH)D: 73.7 (SD\u00a0=\u00a030.0) to 63.3 (SD\u00a0=\u00a025.0) nmol\/L), whereas \u03b1-tocopherol increased from 34.6 (SD\u00a0=\u00a07.1) to 46.3 (SD\u00a0=\u00a010.0) \u00b5mol\/L. In the third trimester, 19.3% had vitamin A insufficiency, while vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency affected 31.6% and 33.3%, respectively. Macrosomia occurred in 43.9% of infants and 56.1% had birth weight within the normal range. Maternal vitamins A, D, and E were not associated with birth weight, and no vitamin A and D interaction was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In pregnant individuals with overweight or obesity, maternal vitamin A and D concentrations declined across pregnancy, while vitamin E increased. Vitamin A insufficiency, vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency, and macrosomia were common. Maternal fat-soluble vitamin levels were not independently associated with birth weight, suggesting that vitamin status during mid- to late pregnancy may not be a major determinant of fetal growth in this metabolically high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1809102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:43:38Z","timestamp":1776228218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal fat-soluble vitamin trajectories and infant birth weight in individuals with overweight or obesity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Astrid Kamilla","family":"Stunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]},{"name":"Center for 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