{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:39:44Z","timestamp":1777887584768,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) frequently coexist, suggesting that shared mechanisms of autoimmunity extend beyond the intestine. In CD, the pathogenic role of gluten is firmly established; in HT, however, gluten is better viewed as a candidate modifier rather than a proven universal trigger. This review synthesizes current evidence on how gluten may influence the CD-HT axis through gut dysbiosis, epithelial barrier dysfunction, immune cross-reactivity, and epigenetic regulation. We also examine the clinical evidence for gluten-free diet (GFD) use in three settings: classical CD, CD-HT comorbidity, and HT without confirmed CD. Current data support lifelong GFD in CD and suggest that patients with both CD and HT may gain indirect thyroid-related benefit as intestinal inflammation improves. By contrast, evidence remains insufficient to recommend routine gluten withdrawal for all patients with non-celiac HT. Long-term GFD also carries practical and nutritional burdens that require professional supervision. Overall, the most defensible clinical approach is targeted screening for CD or other gluten-related disorders in selected HT patients, followed by individualized dietary counseling rather than universal restriction. Future work should prioritize mechanistically informed, adequately powered randomized trials to identify which thyroid-autoimmune phenotypes, if any, are most likely to benefit from gluten exclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1811207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:17:59Z","timestamp":1777609079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond celiac disease: the potential role of gluten in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xingye","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 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