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Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The anterior pituitary gland is an important endocrine organ composed of a variety of key endocrine cells that regulate the functions of peripheral targeted organs, such as growth, development, behavior, lactation, reproduction and the stability of the internal environment and metabolism. This gland also regulates the functions of targeted peripheral endocrine organs, such as the thyroid, adrenal gland and gonads. In recent years, H&amp;amp;E and immunohistochemical staining, electron microscopic observation, pituitary endocrine cell line establishment and transplantation, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, qPCR, proteomics, ion channel and signal studies, among others, provided new knowledge of pituitary structure and function mostly in laboratory rodents under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Such investigations may contribute significantly to the research and treatment of human pituitary diseases. This review aims to provide a focused view of the rapid progress in new knowledge of the pituitary without repeating classical theories for endocrinologists and neuroendocrinologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1812616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:47:49Z","timestamp":1779943669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autocrine and paracrine regulation of pituitary endocrine cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jianmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangbo","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Behaviour Sciences, The University of Queensland","place":["St. Lucia, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90092-4","article-title":"Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary of macaques","volume":"2","author":"Ju","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.5.695","article-title":"Pituitary cell phenotypes involve cell-specific Pit-1 mRNA translation and synergistic interactions with other classes of transcription factors","volume":"4","author":"Simmons","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0250157","article-title":"Molecular evolution of the growth hormone-releasing hormone\/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide gene family. 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