{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:55:09Z","timestamp":1781585709529,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.55776\/P33630, 10.55776\/W1233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.55776\/P33630, 10.55776\/W1233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Language development is influenced by biological and environmental factors, including infant hormonal status and maternal mental health. Previous research on the role of infant sex hormones in language development focused on estradiol and testosterone, yet first evidence indicates that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the dominant fetal steroid hormone, may be a more sensitive biomarker for language development by shaping the organization of the developing brain. Concerning infants\u2019 language-learning environment, maternal well-being is a key factor, with maternal depressed mood postpartum, even at subclinical levels, negatively affecting language development, as depressed mothers engage less with their children and use less infant-directed speech. The present study examined the interplay of fetal DHEA levels and maternal mood at eight weeks postpartum on receptive language abilities at 12 months in boys and girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fetal DHEA levels were extracted from hair samples collected two weeks after birth (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a058; 28 girls), allowing fetal hormone milieu quantification in the third trimester. Maternal mood in the subclinical depression range was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Children\u2019s receptive language abilities were assessed using the German version of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed fetal DHEA to predict language development in boys, with the effect depending on maternal mood. Only when mothers experienced better mood postpartum were higher DHEA levels related to lower language ability. By contrast, in girls, only maternal mood significantly contributed to language ability, with better mood relating to higher language outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that the effect of infant sex hormones on language development follows sex-specific patterns and appears to be modulated by the learning environment. Moreover, our results emphasize the importance of mental support during the early stages of language development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1817292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:27:14Z","timestamp":1781584034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From womb to words: the sex-specific interplay of fetal sex hormones and maternal mood on infant language development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michaela","family":"Reimann-Ayik\u00f6z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]},{"name":"Research Group Neurobiology of Language, Department of Linguistics, University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Prei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]},{"name":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Reisenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]},{"name":"Research Group Neurobiology of Language, Department of Linguistics, University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Salzburg Universital Hospital Christian-Doppler-Klinik","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Angerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]},{"name":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Schabus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]},{"name":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Roehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]},{"name":"Research Group Neurobiology of Language, Department of Linguistics, University of Salzburg","place":["Salzburg, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesa","family":"Schaadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"M\u00e4nnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105398","article-title":"What risk factors for developmental language disorder can tell us about the neurobiological mechanisms of language development","volume":"154","author":"Boerma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2307\/411334","article-title":"A review of B. F. Skinner\u2019s verbal behavior","volume":"35","author":"Chomsky","year":"1959","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1967.11707799","article-title":"The biological foundations of language","volume":"2","author":"Lenneberg","year":"1967","journal-title":"Hosp Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.11.015","article-title":"Sex hormones in early infancy seem to predict aspects of later language development","volume":"141","author":"Schaadt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140095","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0095","article-title":"Sex hormone influence on human infants\u2019 sound characteristics: melody in spontaneous crying","volume":"10","author":"Wermke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5834.00163","article-title":"The intentionality model and language acquisition: engagement, effort, and the essential tension in development","volume":"66","author":"Bloom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-5309(81)90010-0","article-title":"The social context of language acquisition","volume":"1","author":"Bruner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lang Commun"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2005.11.002","article-title":"How social contexts support and shape language development","volume":"26","author":"Hoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00572.x","article-title":"Is speech learning \u2018gated\u2019 by the social brain","volume":"10","author":"Kuhl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11256-000","volume-title":"Verbal Behavior","author":"Skinner","year":"1957"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes","author":"Vygotsky","year":"1978"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x","article-title":"Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene x environment interactions","volume":"81","author":"Meaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.06.015","article-title":"Language development and disorders: possible genes and environment interactions","volume":"82","author":"Onnis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01385.x","article-title":"The timing of prenatal exposure to maternal cortisol and psychosocial stress is associated with human infant cognitive development","volume":"81","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000327017","article-title":"Exposure to prenatal psychobiological stress exerts programming influences on the mother and her fetus","volume":"95","author":"Sandman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2005.03.008","article-title":"Environmental moderators of genetic influence on verbal and nonverbal abilities in early childhood","volume":"33","author":"Asbury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14021","article-title":"Disentangling genetic and environmental influences on early language development: the interplay of genetic propensity for negative emotionality and surgency, and parenting behavior effects on early language skills in an adoption study","volume":"95","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.84.2.309","article-title":"Genotype\u2013environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior","volume":"84","author":"Plomin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1268-2","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal hormone effects on the human brain and cognition","volume":"465","author":"Auyeung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f5105a","article-title":"Sex hormone testosterone affects language organization in the infant brain","volume":"19","author":"Friederici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/tilar.11.11hol","article-title":"Atypical cerebral lateralisation and language impairment in autism","volume-title":"Communication in Autism","author":"Hollier","year":"2014"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2007","article-title":"Estradiol and the developing brain","volume":"88","author":"McCarthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2016.04.002","article-title":"Baby babbling at five months linked to sex hormone levels in early infancy","volume":"44","author":"Quast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.10.016","article-title":"The association between perinatal testosterone concentration and early vocabulary development: a prospective cohort study","volume":"92","author":"Hollier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.03.001","article-title":"Early postnatal testosterone predicts sex-related differences in early expressive vocabulary","volume":"68","author":"Kung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(02)00087-5","article-title":"Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18- and 24-month-old infants","volume":"24","author":"Lutchmaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02523.x","article-title":"Sex-specific associations between umbilical cord blood testosterone levels and language delay in early childhood","volume":"53","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.6.1075","article-title":"Relations between prenatal testosterone levels and cognitive abilities at 4 years","volume":"28","author":"Finegan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000545166","article-title":"Do sex hormones influence mean duration of babbling in 5-month-old infants","volume":"78","author":"Quast","year":"2026","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr Logop"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.12.007","article-title":"A tale of two steroids: the importance of the androgens DHEA and DHEAS for early neurodevelopment","volume":"188","author":"Greaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.11.018","article-title":"Cortisol and DHEA in development and psychopathology","volume":"89","author":"Kamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00071-7","article-title":"Neurosteroids: a novel function of the brain","volume":"23","author":"Baulieu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.8.4678","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone: a potential signalling molecule for neocortical organization during development","volume":"95","author":"Compagnone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1999.0188","article-title":"Neurosteroids: biosynthesis and function of these novel neuromodulators","volume":"21","author":"Compagnone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307325101","article-title":"Mitotic and neurogenic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on human neural stem cell cultures derived from the fetal cortex","volume":"101","author":"Suzuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(99)00046-X","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production in the human adrenal during development and aging","volume":"64","author":"Parker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.03.008","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone: a neuroactive steroid","volume":"145","author":"St\u00e1rka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2007030263","article-title":"DHEA induces 11\u03b2-HSD2 by acting on CCAAT\/enhancer-binding proteins","volume":"19","author":"Balazs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-124.x","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone protects hippocampal neurons against neurotoxin-induced cell death: mechanism of action","volume":"222","author":"Cardounel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00347-9","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone antagonizes the neurotoxic effects of corticosterone and translocation of stress-activated protein kinase 3 in hippocampal primary cultures","volume":"89","author":"Kimonides","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60729","article-title":"Maternal cortisol is associated with neonatal amygdala microstructure and connectivity in a sexually dimorphic manner","volume":"9","author":"Stoye","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4547(20001201)62:5<644::AID-JNR4>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Maternal adrenalectomy at the early onset of gestation impairs postnatal development of the rat hippocampal formation","volume":"62","author":"Trejo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.11.002","article-title":"Neurobiological and neuropsychiatric effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS)","volume":"30","author":"Maninger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/BS.VH.2018.03.001","article-title":"DHEA in prenatal and postnatal life: implications for brain and behavior","volume":"108","author":"Quinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(91)90003-d","article-title":"GABA: an excitatory transmitter in early postnatal life","volume":"14","author":"Cherubini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.024","article-title":"The postnatal GABA shift: a developmental perspective","volume":"124","author":"Peerboom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131016298","article-title":"Excitatory versus inhibitory GABA as a divergence point in steroid-mediated sexual differentiation of the brain","volume":"98","author":"Auger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0308","article-title":"Differences in expression and activity of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in human placentas of term pregnancies according to birth weight and gender","volume":"161","author":"Mericq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15037","article-title":"Gonadal hormone-independent sex differences in GABAA receptor activation in rat embryonic hypothalamic neurons","volume":"177","author":"Mir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154396","article-title":"Differential expression of placental 11\u03b2-HSD2 induced by high maternal glucocorticoid exposure mediates sex differences in placental and fetal development","volume":"827","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13952","article-title":"DHEA: a neglected biological signal that may affect fetal and child development","volume":"65","author":"Bailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.09.044","article-title":"The feto-placental unit and potential roles of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in prenatal and postnatal brain development: a re-examination using the spiny mouse","volume":"160","author":"Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.3.0304","article-title":"Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex","volume":"18","author":"Mesiano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.03.008","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in human hair using a column-switching LC\u2013APCI\u2013MS\/MS assay","volume":"928","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.024","article-title":"Prenatal hair development: implications for drug exposure determination","volume":"196","author":"Gareri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therwi.2023.100056","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate: biomarkers of pregnancy and fetal health","volume":"3","author":"Hart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenol Wild"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.05.007","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone in nails of infants: a potential biomarker of intrauterine responses to maternal stress","volume":"87","author":"Tegethoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.02.036","article-title":"Early-life matters: the role of fetal adrenal steroids in the relationship between cytokines within the placental circulation and cognitive development among infants in the Philippines","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2025.107663","article-title":"Fetal dehydroepiandrosterone from hair samples at birth predicts language development","volume":"183","author":"Reimann-Ayik\u00f6z","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1995.1010","article-title":"Infants\u2032 Detection of the Sound Patterns of Words in Fluent Speech","volume":"29","author":"Jusczyk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8234-6_22","article-title":"Innate predispositions and the effects of experience in speech perception: the native language magnet theory","volume-title":"Developmental Neurocognition: Speech and Face Processing in the First Year of Life","author":"Kuhl","year":"1993"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(84)80022-3","article-title":"Cross-language speech perception: evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life","volume":"7","author":"Werker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.27.2.236","article-title":"Early vocabulary growth: relation to language input and gender","volume":"27","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01805.x","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of the role of quantity and quality of child-directed speech in vocabulary development","volume":"83","author":"Rowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000919000655","article-title":"Analyzing input quality along three dimensions: interactive, linguistic, and conceptual","volume":"47","author":"Rowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Lang"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000924000254","article-title":"Testing the relationship between preferences for infant-directed speech and vocabulary development: a multi-lab study","volume":"52","author":"Soderstrom","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Child Lang"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1166214","article-title":"Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age","volume":"63","author":"Carpenter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118829516.ch27","article-title":"Social interaction and language acquisition","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics","author":"Lytle","year":"2017"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2023.101105","article-title":"Parental postpartum depression and children\u2019s receptive and expressive language during the first six years of life: a systematic review of depression timing, status, and chronicity","volume":"71","author":"Neil Clifford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.32672","article-title":"Association of postpartum maternal mood with infant speech perception at 2 and 6.5 months of age","volume":"5","author":"Schaadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(96)90035-1","article-title":"Vocal timing in face-to-face interaction of clinically depressed and nondepressed mothers and their 4-month-old infants","volume":"19","author":"Zlochower","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20268","article-title":"Neurocognitive perspectives in language outcomes of Early Head Start: language and cognitive stimulation and maternal depression","volume":"31","author":"Chapin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2009.10.005","article-title":"Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: a review","volume":"33","author":"Field","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-009-9293-7","article-title":"The contributions of parenting and postnatal depression on emergent language of children in low-income families","volume":"19","author":"Zajicek-Farber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2948","article-title":"Individual and combined effects of postpartum depression in mothers and fathers on parenting behavior","volume":"118","author":"Paulson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236787","article-title":"Effect of maternal depression on infant-directed speech to prelinguistic infants: implications for language development","volume":"15","author":"Lam-Cassettari","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.07.001","article-title":"Maternal touch and maternal child-directed speech: effects of depressed mood in the postnatal period","volume":"81","author":"Herrera","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327078IN0204_08","article-title":"Role of clinical diagnosis and medication use in effects of maternal depression on infant-directed speech","volume":"2","author":"Kaplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00449","article-title":"Infants of depressed mothers, although competent learners, fail to learn in response to their own mothers\u2019 infant-directed speech","volume":"13","author":"Kaplan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2010.07.014","article-title":"An associative learning deficit in 1-year-old infants of depressed mothers: role of depression duration","volume":"34","author":"Kaplan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2014.05.008","article-title":"Maternal depression and expressive communication in one-year-old infants","volume":"37","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.02.004","article-title":"A prospective study of maternal anxiety, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms in relation to infant cognitive development","volume":"87","author":"Keim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01251.x","article-title":"The impact of maternal postpartum depression on the language development of children at 12 months","volume":"38","author":"Quevedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"Bioanalytical Method Validation: Guidance for Industry\n          \n          \n          \n          2018"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1023083","article-title":"Nicht-psychotische postpartale Depression","volume":"57","author":"Herz","year":"1997","journal-title":"GebFra"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression","volume":"150","author":"Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4022","article-title":"Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"371","author":"Levis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B88","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: Administration Manual","author":"Bayley","year":"2006"},{"key":"B89","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development","author":"Bayley","year":"2006"},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition \u2013 Deutsche Version","author":"Reuner","year":"2014"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.MASS","article-title":"MASS: Support functions and datasets for Venables and Ripley\u2019s MASS","volume-title":"R package","author":"Ripley","year":"2009"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.interactions","article-title":"interactions: Comprehensive, user-friendly toolkit for probing interactions","volume-title":"R package","author":"Long","year":"2019"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100052","article-title":"How to deal with non-detectable and outlying values in biomarker research: best practices and recommendations for univariate imputation approaches","volume":"7","author":"Herbers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-007-0070-9","article-title":"How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.miceadds","article-title":"miceadds: Some additional multiple imputation functions, especially for \u201cmice","volume-title":"R package","author":"Robitzsch","year":"2014"},{"key":"B97","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2025"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5599-07.2008","article-title":"GABA regulates excitatory synapse formation in the neocortex via NMDA receptor activation","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31822f471c","article-title":"Late development of the gabaergic system in the human cerebral cortex and white matter","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1392-18.2019","article-title":"Tonic activation of GluN2C\/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors by ambient glutamate facilitates cortical interneuron maturation","volume":"39","author":"Hanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm233","article-title":"Hearing loss prevents the maturation of GABAergic transmission in the auditory cortex","volume":"18","author":"Kotak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu118","article-title":"Effects of NMDA and GABA-A receptor antagonism on auditory steady-state synchronization in awake behaving rats","volume":"18","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17531-y","article-title":"Prenatal brain connectivity and postnatal language: how familial risk and prenatal speech exposure shape early language skills","volume":"15","author":"Cara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2017.1356222","article-title":"Developmental origins of the human hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis","volume":"12","author":"Howland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0011","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of human fetal growth: the role of the mother, placenta, and fetus","volume":"27","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2023.105874","article-title":"How prenatal cortisol levels may differentially affect the neurodevelopment of boys and girls","volume":"187","author":"Mari\u00f1o-Narvaez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13314","article-title":"Maternal cortisol levels in third trimester and early language development: a study of 1093 mother\u2013child pairs from the Odense Child Cohort","volume":"35","author":"Mumm","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12682","article-title":"Sex-specific contribution of DHEA\u2013cortisol ratio to prefrontal\u2013hippocampal structural development, cognitive abilities and personality traits","volume":"31","author":"Farooqi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050145","article-title":"Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary\u2013developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity","volume":"17","author":"Boyce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993982","article-title":"Das postpartale dysphorische Syndrom","volume":"67","author":"Lanczik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.091850","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01663-6","article-title":"Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1607649","article-title":"Postpartum depression","volume":"375","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921653117","article-title":"Parent coaching increases conversational turns and advances infant language development","volume":"117","author":"Ferjan Ram\u00edrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-011-0225-3","article-title":"Group treatment for postpartum depression: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Goodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000915000033","article-title":"A parent-directed language intervention for children of low socioeconomic status: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Suskind","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Lang"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106357","article-title":"Comparative steroid profiling of newborn hair and umbilical cord serum highlights the role of fetal adrenals, placenta, and pregnancy outcomes in fetal steroid metabolism","volume":"232","author":"Koskivuori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1095706","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and DHA-sulfate during pregnancy in maternal blood","volume":"6","author":"Nieschlag","year":"1974","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21191","article-title":"The value and limitations of self-administered questionnaires in clinical practice and epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.14885","article-title":"Assessment of patient-reported outcome measures for maternal postpartum depression using the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments guideline","volume":"5","author":"Sultan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135471","article-title":"Prenatal and postpartum evening salivary cortisol levels in association with peripartum depressive symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Iliadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.03.004","article-title":"Diurnal pattern of cortisol output in postnatal depression","volume":"34","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.02.029","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in late pregnancy in association with postpartum depression\u2014A nested case-control study","volume":"79","author":"Br\u00e4nn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.11.007","article-title":"Immune, health and endocrine characteristics of depressed postpartum mothers","volume":"32","author":"Groer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02461-y","article-title":"Prenatal programming of environmental sensitivity","volume":"13","author":"Hartman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.4.553","article-title":"Rapid word learning in 13- and 18-month-olds","volume":"30","author":"Woodward","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1817292\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:27:43Z","timestamp":1781584063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1817292\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1817292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1817292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"article-number":"1817292"}}