{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:13:00Z","timestamp":1789564380374,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy faces limitations in patient adherence and carries a persistent risk of hypoglycemia, primarily due to the challenges of achieving precise dosing. To address this, glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems have been developed to autonomously adjust insulin release in direct response to real-time fluctuations in blood glucose levels. This approach offers a promising pathway toward achieving more physiological glycemic control. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the design of such intelligent systems, with a focus on two fundamentally interconnected components: the ongoing evolution of glucose-sensing mechanisms, which encompass enzymatic, non-enzymatic, and transporter-mediated strategies, and the parallel development of advanced carrier materials, including metal-organic frameworks, smart polymers, and bio-derived materials. In addition to outlining these technological developments, this work provides a balanced analysis of the operational principles, relative merits, and key translational challenges inherent in current system designs, with particular attention to long-term biocompatibility, stability, and safety. By presenting a coherent synthesis of the field\u2019s current landscape and its potential future directions, this review aims to inform and support the rational development of next-generation glucose-responsive insulin therapies with stronger prospects for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1825247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T04:34:54Z","timestamp":1778214894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Material-driven glucose responsiveness in insulin delivery systems: carrier selection and performance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhihan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University","place":["Changsha, 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