{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1777633210002,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK131082, R01DK132259, F31DK142297, T32DK007563, DK020593, DK059637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK131082, R01DK132259, F31DK142297, T32DK007563, DK020593, DK059637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM149686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM149686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Staub-Traugott effect, or second-meal phenomenon, describes improved glucose disposal after a second identical meal. We previously showed that morning hyperinsulinemia primes the liver to enhance afternoon net hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen storage. However, mixed meals trigger co-secretion of insulin and glucagon, and glucagon is traditionally viewed as opposing insulin\u2019s hepatic actions. Whether glucagon modifies the persistence of insulin\u2019s priming effects across sequential metabolic challenges is unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether morning hyperglucagonemia alters the ability of morning hyperinsulinemia to prime subsequent hepatic glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conscious dogs underwent two pancreatic clamp periods separated by a 1.5h rest period. Endogenous insulin and glucagon were suppressed with somatostatin and replaced intraportally at defined rates. During a 4h morning hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, dogs received matched insulin prime infusions with either basal glucagon (AM INS; n=8) or elevated glucagon (AM INS+GCG; n=8). After the rest period, both groups underwent a 2.5h afternoon hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp under identical hormonal conditions. Afternoon net hepatic glucose uptake, glycogen, glycolytic, and gluconeogenic flux rates were quantified using arteriovenous difference methods and [3-3H]-glucose tracer kinetics. Liver biopsies were collected before and after the afternoon clamp to assess gene transcription and protein regulators of hepatic glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the afternoon clamp, despite matched insulin, glucagon, and glucose levels, net hepatic glucose uptake was 41% lower in AM INS+GCG (3.6\u00b10.4 mg\/kg\/min) than in AM INS (6.1\u00b10.6 mg\/kg\/min; p&amp;lt;0.003). This was accompanied by a trend toward incomplete suppression of hepatic glucose production in AM INS+GCG (1.4\u00b10.4 mg\/kg\/min), whereas it was fully suppressed in the AM INS group (p=0.06). Direct glycogen synthesis was also 44% lower in AM INS+GCG (1.8\u00b10.2 vs 3.2\u00b10.7 mg\/kg\/min; p&amp;lt;0.015), along with reductions in net glycogen synthesis and glycolytic flux. Morning insulin with basal glucagon increased hepatic glucokinase mRNA and protein before the afternoon clamp, whereas concurrent glucagon prevented this induction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, antecedent morning hyperglucagonemia attenuates insulin-mediated hepatic priming, reducing hepatic glucose flux during a later hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic challenge. These findings identify glucagon as a regulator of hepatic metabolic memory alongside insulin and demonstrate that early-day insulin-glucagon dynamics shape the liver\u2019s response to subsequent challenges, providing mechanistic insight into postprandial glucose regulation and implications for metabolic health and diabetes risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1832065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:33:16Z","timestamp":1777437196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morning glucagon disrupts insulin induced hepatic metabolic memory and subsequent afternoon glucose metabolism in canines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hannah L.","family":"Waterman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Farmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalisha","family":"Yankey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin J.","family":"Bosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek P.","family":"Claxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Cherrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dale S.","family":"Edgerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","place":["Nashville, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.5.952","article-title":"Modification of glycogen deposition by priming glucose loads: the second-meal phenomenon","volume":"45","author":"Abraira","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2196","article-title":"The second-meal phenomenon in type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00127.2009","article-title":"Improved tolerance to sequential glucose loading (Staub-Traugott effect): size and mechanisms","volume":"297","author":"Bonuccelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518209168091","article-title":"The Staub-Traugott effect. Evidence for multifactorial regulation of a physiological function","volume":"42","author":"Wajngot","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0979","article-title":"Morning hyperinsulinemia primes the liver for glucose uptake and glycogen storage later in the day","volume":"67","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0786","article-title":"Improved afternoon hepatic glucose disposal and storage requires morning engagement of hepatic insulin receptors","volume":"74","author":"Waterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12332","article-title":"Control of hepatic glucose metabolism by islet and brain","author":"Rojas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.017","article-title":"Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans","volume":"84","author":"Poggiogalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.015","article-title":"Peripheral innervation in the regulation of glucose homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01454.x","article-title":"Physiologic action of glucagon on liver glucose metabolism","author":"Ramnanan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00492.2002","article-title":"Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism","volume":"284","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13435","article-title":"Insulin regulation of gluconeogenesis","volume":"1411","author":"Hatting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12570","article-title":"Mixed meal ingestion diminishes glucose excursion in comparison with glucose ingestion via several adaptive mechanisms in people with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Alsalim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1997.273.3.e488","article-title":"Physiological changes in circulating glucagon alter hepatic glucose disposition during portal glucose delivery","volume":"273","author":"Holste","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci40919","article-title":"Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases hepatic sensitivity to glucagon in dogs","volume":"120","author":"Rivera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.202549","article-title":"A high-protein breakfast induces greater insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide responses to a subsequent lunch meal in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"145","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0555-4","article-title":"Glucagon and type 2 diabetes: the return of the alpha cell","volume":"14","author":"Lund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-s301","article-title":"Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes","author":"Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2015.122","article-title":"Regulation of glucose metabolism from a liver-centric perspective","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07932-0","article-title":"The metabolic significance of peripheral tissue clocks","volume":"8","author":"Hunter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01755-x","article-title":"Metabolic memory: mechanisms and diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00201.2022","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications in metabolic memory: What are the memories, and can we erase them","volume":"323","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08165-7","article-title":"Adipose tissue retains an epigenetic memory of obesity after weight loss","volume":"636","author":"Hinte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30646-4","article-title":"Multiomics reveals persistence of obesity-associated immune cell phenotypes in adipose tissue during weight loss and weight regain in mice","volume":"13","author":"Cottam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00099.2023","article-title":"Skeletal muscle memory","volume":"324","author":"Sharples","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00423.2024","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle possesses an epigenetic memory of high-intensity interval training","volume":"328","author":"Pilotto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00548.x","article-title":"Energy metabolism in the liver","volume":"4","author":"Rui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14023","article-title":"Dual-hormone artificial pancreas for management of type 1 diabetes: Recent progress and future directions","volume":"45","author":"Infante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7-8","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071223","article-title":"The importance of animal models in biomedical research: Current insights and applications","volume":"13","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim (Basel)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.5.1198","article-title":"Banting Lecture 1997. Control of glucose uptake and release by the liver in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Cherrington","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci115100","article-title":"Intraportal glucose delivery alters the relationship between net hepatic glucose uptake and the insulin concentration","volume":"87","author":"Myers","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002089","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic glucose uptake and storage in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00170.2024","article-title":"Duration of morning hyperinsulinemia determines hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen storage later in the day","volume":"327","author":"Waterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00316.2023","article-title":"Integration of metabolic flux with hepatic glucagon signaling and gene expression profiles in the conscious dog","volume":"326","author":"Coate","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)71980-7","article-title":"A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose","volume":"153","author":"Nelson","year":"1944","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1872","article-title":"Small increases in insulin inhibit hepatic glucose production solely caused by an effect on glycogen metabolism","volume":"50","author":"Edgerton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Methods of enzymatic analysis, edited by bergmeyer, HU","author":"Keppler","year":"1974"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2024.02.012","article-title":"Biochemical and metabolic characterization of a G6PC2 inhibitor","volume":"222","author":"Hawes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci110398","article-title":"Physiologic evaluation of factors controlling glucose tolerance in man: measurement of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell glucose sensitivity from the response to intravenous glucose","volume":"68","author":"Bergman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.rev120.012758","article-title":"Tracking the carbons supplying gluconeogenesis","volume":"295","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2019-0010","article-title":"Differentiating hyperlactatemia type A from type B: How does the lactate\/pyruvate ratio help","volume":"7","author":"Redant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Int Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.1.32","article-title":"Nonesterified fatty acids and hepatic glucose metabolism in the conscious dog","volume":"53","author":"Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1663","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects of insulin on glucose uptake and storage by the liver","volume":"51","author":"Satake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010314","article-title":"The effects of breakfast consumption and composition on metabolic wellness with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Maki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.80","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.12.002","article-title":"Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4603682","article-title":"Effect of dietary macronutrients on postprandial glucagon and insulin release in obese and normal-weight women","volume":"2020","author":"Wikarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0160-4","article-title":"The insulin : glucagon ratio and the choice of glucose-lowering drugs","volume":"7","author":"Kalra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(20)88258-1","article-title":"Transcriptional induction of glucokinase gene by insulin in cultured liver cells and its repression by the glucagon-cAMP system","volume":"264","author":"Iynedjian","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1625","article-title":"Molecular characterization of insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Ramnanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071715-051145","article-title":"Hormonal and metabolite regulation of hepatic glucokinase","volume":"36","author":"Agius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.02.006","article-title":"Glucagon induces translocation of glucokinase from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of hepatocytes by transfer between 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase\/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase-2 and the glucokinase regulatory protein","volume":"1843","author":"Cullen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20080595","article-title":"Glucokinase and molecular aspects of liver glycogen metabolism","volume":"414","author":"Agius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci118974","article-title":"Impaired hepatic glycogen synthesis in glucokinase-deficient (MODY-2) subjects","volume":"98","author":"Velho","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-024-00640-3","article-title":"Glucokinase (GCK) in diabetes: from molecular mechanisms to disease pathogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Abu Aqel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.6.1333","article-title":"Glucose 6-phosphate regulates hepatic glycogenolysis through inactivation of phosphorylase","volume":"52","author":"Aiston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00645-2","article-title":"Principles and functions of metabolic compartmentalization","volume":"4","author":"Bar-Peled","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60994-w","article-title":"Spatial patterns of hepatocyte glucose flux revealed by stable isotope tracing and multi-scale microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Habashy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14053","article-title":"Robust increase in glucagon secretion after oral protein intake, but not after glucose or lipid intake in Japanese people without diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90103-4","article-title":"Dose-kinetics of pancreatic \u03b1- and \u03b2-cell responses to a protein meal in normal subjects","volume":"40","author":"Kabadi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.10.001","article-title":"The past, present, and future physiology and pharmacology of glucagon","volume":"34","author":"Capozzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi19-0004","article-title":"Repositioning glucagon action in the physiology and pharmacology of diabetes","volume":"69","author":"Finan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1832065\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1777437209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1832065\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1832065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1832065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"article-number":"1832065"}}