{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1778649223546,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate and compare the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) on key glycemic indicators and related metabolic parameters in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to October 2025 on HIIT and MICT in T2DM. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. A meta-analysis was then performed using RevMan 5.4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 21 RCTs involving 831 T2DM patients were included. The meta-analysis results showed that compared to a normal control group, both HIIT and MICT significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) and increased patients\u2019 VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max levels. HIIT significantly reduced patients\u2019 glycated hemoglobin (HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      c) levels, body mass index (BMI), and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Compared to MICT, HIIT was more effective in reducing FBG and provided a greater increase in maximal oxygen uptake (VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max). Both HIIT and MICT effectively reduced HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      c in T2DM patients, although there was no significant difference in the effect between the two modalities. Regarding BMI, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and HDL, the two exercise modalities did not show statistically significant differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the management of T2DM, HIIT offers greater advantages in improving FBG and enhancing VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max, providing a basis for the scientific and effective management of T2DM. However, due to the limitations in the number and quality of the included studies, the above conclusions require verification through more high-quality research.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1833684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:50:47Z","timestamp":1778647847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pengbo","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Changzhou University Huaide College","place":["Jingiiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University","place":["Zhangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Department, City College of Vocational Technology","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University","place":["Zhangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(25)00299-2","article-title":"11th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional, and national diabetes prevalence estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050","volume":"14","author":"Genitsaridi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1530\/ey.15.13.9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults","volume":"6","author":"Lascar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000002800","article-title":"Exercise\/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A consensus statement from the american college of sports medicine","volume":"54","author":"Kanaley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3244-6","article-title":"'Exercise snacks' before meals: a novel strategy to improve glycemic control in individuals with insulin resistance","volume":"57","author":"Francois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12317","article-title":"The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Jelleyman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13198","article-title":"The effect on glycemic control of low-volume high-intensity interval training versus endurance training in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Winding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59071320","article-title":"High-intensity interval training improves glycemic control, cellular apoptosis, and oxidative stress of type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"59","author":"Al-Rawaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2016.07.031","article-title":"High-intensity interval training reduces abdominal fat mass in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Maillard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12112","article-title":"Continuous vs interval training on glycemic control and macro and microvascular reactivity in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"24","author":"Mitranun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1448385","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of different exercise modes on cardiac function and peak oxygen uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Jianghua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101586","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity interval training protocols on VO2max and HbA1c level in people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"De Mello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9273830","article-title":"A comparative study of health efficacy indicators in subjects with T2DM applying power cycling to 12 weeks of low-volume high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1463587","article-title":"Different intensities of aerobic training for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13551","article-title":"Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training combined with resistance training versus continuous moderate-intensity training combined with resistance training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A one-year randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.11.062","article-title":"Effects of sprint interval or combined aerobic and resistance training on myokines in overweight women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"217","author":"Banitalebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13953","article-title":"Efficacy of 10-20\u201330 training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on HbA1c, body composition and maximum oxygen uptake in male patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Baasch-Skytte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052601","article-title":"HIIE protocols promote better acute effects on blood glucose and pressure control in people with type 2 diabetes than continuous exercise","volume":"19","author":"Teles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"High intensity interval training is associated with greater impact on physical fitness, insulin sensitivity and muscle mitochondrial content in males with overweight\/obesity, as opposed to continuous endurance training: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"De Strijcker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00475","article-title":"High-intensity interval training is equivalent to moderate-intensity continuous training for short- and medium-term outcomes of glucose control, cardiometabolic risk, and microvascular complication markers in men with type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Wormgoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214163","article-title":"High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled crossover trial of the acute effects of treadmill walking on glycemic control","volume":"16","author":"Mendes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3540-1","article-title":"High-intensity aerobic interval training improves aerobic fitness and HbA1c among persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes","volume":"117","author":"Stoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.02.016","article-title":"High-intensity body weight training is comparable to combined training in changes in muscle mass, physical performance, inflammatory markers and metabolic health in postmenopausal women at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"107","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04884-9","article-title":"Impact of continuous vs. interval training on oxygen extraction and cardiac function during exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"122","author":"Van Ryckeghem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1389538","article-title":"Impact of diverse aerobic exercise plans on glycemic control, lipid levels, and functional activity in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0371","article-title":"Prescribing high-intensity interval exercise by RPE in individuals with type 2 diabetes: metabolic and hemodynamic responses","volume":"44","author":"Viana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00334.2015","article-title":"Short-term high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training reduce leukocyte TLR4 in inactive adults at elevated risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"119","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0828-8047","article-title":"Supervised short-term high-intensity training on plasma irisin concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"40","author":"D\u00fcnnwald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1027-6511","article-title":"The effect of high-intensity interval training on physical parameters, metabolomic indexes and serum ficolin-3 levels in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.12.013","article-title":"The impact of two different aerobic exercise intensities on cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized trial","volume":"42","author":"da Costa-Arruda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43519-7","article-title":"Adiponectin receptor 1 could explain the sex differences in molecular basis of cognitive improvements induced by exercise training in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"13","author":"Rajizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"Observation on the curative effect of high-intensity interval aerobic training and continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Jianfeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Rehabil"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70252\/ODIN6912","article-title":"EPOC comparison between resistance training and high-intensity interval training in aerobically fit women","volume":"14","author":"Greer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16220","article-title":"Efficacy of high-intensity interval training in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"27","author":"Poon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1822069","article-title":"Latest advances and controversies of exercise therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Hao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1360998","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.70252\/WGFU4000","article-title":"The effects of HIIT vs. MICT and sedentary controls on blood lipid concentrations in nondiabetic overweight and obese young adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"McCormick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s0022-4707.23.15209-1","article-title":"Effects of the menstrual cycle on EPOC and fat oxidation after low-volume high-intensity interval training","volume":"63","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4590-3","article-title":"Smoking-related general and cause-specific mortality in Estonia","volume":"17","author":"K\u00f5ks","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-212851","article-title":"Mendelian randomization study of smoking, alcohol, and coffee drinking in relation to Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Domenighetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinson's Dis"},{"key":"B40","article-title":"The association analysis between ACE and ACTN3 genes polymorphisms and endurance capacity in young cross-country skiers: Longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"M\u00e4gi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231198068","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifying variants related to performance and injury in high-performance athletes","volume":"44","author":"Ebert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1833684\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:50:53Z","timestamp":1778647853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1833684\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1833684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1833684","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"article-number":"1833684"}}