{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:53:49Z","timestamp":1781520829184,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, leading to hyperglycemia. A transient partial remission (PR) phase, marked by improved glycemic control and suppressed autoimmunity, often occurs shortly after diagnosis. We hypothesized that miR-30d-5p, which is highly upregulated during the PR phase in children, may contribute to immune regulation and beta cell recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the role of miR-30d-5p using human pancreatic slices (HPSs), non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and human peripheral blood samples. HPSs were transfected with miR-30d-5p oligonucleotides to examine post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms. RNA sequencing was conducted in HPSs to identify differentially expressed genes. Functional assays included insulin secretion, and lineage tracing of beta cells. Additionally, non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were treated with miR-30d-5p to evaluate effects on diabetes onset and incidence. T cell phenotyping and cytokine secretion were assessed in human T cells from patients with T1D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HPS transfection was successfully achieved, providing a model to investigate the effects of the miRNA in insulin-expressing cells. Functional studies suggested that miR-30d-5p contributes to insulin secretion, and lineage tracing was consistent with the emergence of insulin-producing cells. RNA sequencing identified transcriptional changes associated with pathways related to beta cell function and cellular differentiation. In NOD mice, miR-30d-5p treatment was associated with delayed diabetes onset, suggesting potential immunomodulatory and beta cell-protective effects. In human T lymphocytes, miR-30d-5p was associated with increased expression of inhibitory molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, CD200, TIM-3, LAG-3) and modulated interferon-gamma secretion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that miR-30d-5p may participate in in immune cell regulation and processes associated with beta cell recovery in T1D. This study highlights the complex interaction between immune and epigenetic mechanisms during the PR phase and supports further investigation of miR-30d-5p as a potential therapeutic target for preserving beta cell function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1838666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:29:06Z","timestamp":1780374546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["miR-30d-5p promotes beta cell recovery and immunomodulation in type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Laia","family":"Gomez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and University Hospital (HGTiP), Autonomous University of Barcelona","place":["Badalona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Perna-Barrull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and University Hospital (HGTiP), Autonomous University of Barcelona","place":["Badalona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Alvarez-Cubela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Godoy-Tena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and University Hospital (HGTiP), Autonomous University of Barcelona","place":["Badalona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina Quimper","family":"Voto-Bernales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayur","family":"Doke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and University Hospital (HGTiP), Autonomous University of Barcelona","place":["Badalona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aina","family":"Valls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and University Hospital (HGTiP), Autonomous University of Barcelona","place":["Badalona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Luis","family":"Pastori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Dominguez-Bendala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Vives-Pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and University Hospital (HGTiP), Autonomous University of Barcelona","place":["Badalona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16480","article-title":"Partial remission of type 1 diabetes: Do immunometabolic events define the honeymoon period","volume":"27","author":"Collier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-019-00844-x","article-title":"MicroRNAs and diseases: Promising biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutics","volume":"34","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000457944","article-title":"Epigenetic alterations in cellular immunity: New insights into autoimmune diseases","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.10.005","article-title":"Immunometabolic biomarkers for partial remission in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Gomez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212165","article-title":"Micro-RNA implications in type-1 diabetes mellitus: A review of literature","volume":"22","author":"Margaritis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2719","article-title":"MicroRNAs as regulators of beta-cell function and dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Osmai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.606322","article-title":"miRNA-mediated immune regulation in islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Scherm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol Lausanne"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna4040035","article-title":"Influence of disease duration on circulating levels of miRNAs in children and adolescents with new onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Samandari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Noncoding RNA"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89656","article-title":"Profiling of circulating microRNAs in children with recent onset of type 1 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Erener","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/896362","article-title":"Circulating levels of microRNA from children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and healthy controls: Evidence that miR-25 associates to residual beta-cell function and glycaemic control during disease progression","volume":"2012","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05237-x","article-title":"Plasma circulating miR-23~27~24 clusters correlate with the immunometabolic derangement and predict C-peptide loss in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Garavelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4156-4","article-title":"Circulating microRNA levels predict residual beta cell function and glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Samandari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NCRNA9020017","article-title":"Immunoregulatory biomarkers of the remission phase in type 1 diabetes: miR-30d-5p modulates PD-1 expression and regulatory T cell expansion","volume":"9","author":"Gomez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Noncoding RNA"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.362632","article-title":"MicroRNA-30d induces insulin transcription factor MafA and insulin production by targeting mitogen-activated protein 4 kinase 4 (MAP4K4) in pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"287","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1211209","article-title":"Identification of glucose-regulated miRNAs from pancreatic {beta} cells reveals a role for miR-30d in insulin transcription","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2021.107959","article-title":"Down-regulation of microRNA-30d-5p is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus by targeting RAB8A","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1525466","article-title":"Recent advances in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for regulating macrophage polarization","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.006","article-title":"P2RY1\/ALK3-expressing cells within the adult human exocrine pancreas are BMP-7 expandable and exhibit progenitor-like characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Qadir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3519","article-title":"Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification","volume":"34","author":"Bray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.240663.118","article-title":"Benchmark and integration of resources for the estimation of human transcription factor activities","volume":"29","author":"Garcia-Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.3.5.15938","article-title":"Detailed protocol for evaluation of dynamic perifusion of human islets to assess \u03b2-cell function","volume":"3","author":"Bentsi-Barnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Islets"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/66468","article-title":"Generating human pancreatic tissue slices to study endocrine and exocrine pancreas physiology","volume":"2024","author":"Panzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142021","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13123287","article-title":"Estudio transversal espa\u00f1ol de crecimiento 2008. Parte II: valores de talla, peso e \u00edndice de masa corporal desde el nacimiento a la talla adulta","volume":"68","author":"Carrascosa Lezcano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Engl Ed"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17040-8","article-title":"Long-term culture of human pancreatic slices as a model to study real-time islet regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Qadir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.10.001","article-title":"Dynamic scRNA-seq of live human pancreatic slices reveals functional endocrine cell neogenesis through an intermediate ducto-acinar stage","volume":"35","author":"Doke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2516-2","article-title":"Aberrant activation of liver X receptors impairs pancreatic beta cell function through upregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in mouse islets and rodent cell lines","volume":"55","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306295200","article-title":"Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/Akt pathway by androgen through interaction of p85alpha, androgen receptor, and Src","volume":"278","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0688","article-title":"BMP-7 induces adult human pancreatic exocrine-to-endocrine conversion","volume":"64","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16174-7","article-title":"Transgenic overexpression of microRNA-30d in pancreatic beta-cells progressively regulates beta-cell function and identity","volume":"12","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.11.012","article-title":"MiR-132 controls pancreatic beta cell proliferation and survival through Pten\/Akt\/Foxo3 signaling","volume":"31","author":"Mziaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299821","article-title":"Repressing miR-23a promotes the transdifferentiation of pancreatic \u03b1 cells to \u03b2 cells via negatively regulating the expression of SDF-1\u03b1","volume":"19","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810550106","article-title":"miR-375 maintains normal pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell mass","volume":"106","author":"Poy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0451","article-title":"MicroRNA-7 regulates the mTOR pathway and proliferation in adult pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.1.2.9578","article-title":"The miR-30 family microRNAs confer epithelial phenotype to human pancreatic cells","volume":"1","author":"Joglekar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Islets"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024279","article-title":"Patients with long-QT syndrome caused by impaired hERG-encoded Kv11.1 potassium channel have exaggerated endocrine pancreatic and incretin function associated with reactive hypoglycemia","volume":"135","author":"Hylt\u00e9n-Cavallius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1941","article-title":"The LXR ligand T0901317 acutely inhibits insulin secretion by affecting mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"158","author":"Maczewsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-013-9435-6","article-title":"Role of BMP signaling in pancreatic progenitor differentiation from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Sui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.943032","article-title":"DDX5 and DDX17\u2014multifaceted proteins in the regulation of tumorigenesis and tumor progression","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010048","article-title":"Notch signaling in pancreatic development","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48320-2","article-title":"Pancreatic beta-cell IL-22 receptor deficiency induces age-dependent dysregulation of insulin biosynthesis and systemic glucose homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Sajiir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01036","article-title":"Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a protects quiescent cells from oxidative stress","volume":"419","author":"Kops","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","article-title":"An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03580.x","article-title":"Natural killer cells are required for accelerated type 1 diabetes driven by interferon-beta","volume":"151","author":"Alba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.704824","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of nutrient-mediated regulation of microRNAs in pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"12","author":"Sa\u0142\u00f3wka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol Lausanne"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000239","article-title":"CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways: Similarities, differences, and implications of their inhibition","volume":"39","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DB12-1475","article-title":"PD-1, but not PD-L1, expressed by islet-reactive CD4+ T cells suppresses infiltration of the pancreas during type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Pauken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/JEM.20022125","article-title":"The programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway regulates autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice","volume":"198","author":"Ansari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/EN.2011-1579","article-title":"Galectin-9 and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 pathway is a therapeutic target for type 1 diabetes","volume":"153","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100714","article-title":"Cutting edge: accelerated autoimmune diabetes in the absence of LAG-3","volume":"187","author":"Bettini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/AJE\/KWI165","article-title":"CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus: a HuGE review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Kavvoura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAA130","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in peripheral CD4\/CD8+ T cells is restored in the partial remission phase in type 1 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05938-z","article-title":"Recovery of intracellular glucose uptake in T cells during partial remission of type 1 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0379-5","article-title":"Metabolic signaling in T cells","volume":"30","author":"Shyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00310","article-title":"Inhibitory receptors beyond T cell exhaustion","volume":"6","author":"Fuertes Marraco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.01.010","article-title":"LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT: distinct functions in immune regulation","volume":"57","author":"Joller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1284293","article-title":"The role of TEMRA cell-mediated immune senescence in the development and treatment of HIV disease","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26471-9","article-title":"Interferon-gamma drives programmed death-ligand 1 expression on islet \u03b2 cells to limit T cell function during autoimmune diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Osum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-21-0181","article-title":"Blockade or deletion of IFN\u03b3 reduces macrophage activation without compromising CAR T-cell function in hematologic Malignancies","volume":"3","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-146042","article-title":"Blocking IFN\u03b3 in CAR-T reduces checkpoint inhibitors and cell-mediated toxicity without compromising therapeutic efficacy in CD19 +malignancies","volume":"138","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350949","article-title":"Human insulin as both antigen and protector in type 1 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Amdare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154707","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00340","article-title":"Transfection of microRNA mimics should be used with caution","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052736","article-title":"Current advances in RNA therapeutics for human diseases","volume":"23","author":"Zogg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1838666\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:06:23Z","timestamp":1781517983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1838666\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1838666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1838666","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"article-number":"1838666"}}