{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:05:31Z","timestamp":1793225131831,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Syndrome differentiation is fundamental to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment, yet its application is complicated by population heterogeneity and disease phenotypes. Data-driven methods to patient stratification offer a pathway to refine syndromic classification beyond expert consensus. This study aimed to identify and characterize TCM syndrome-based patient subgroups and their associated factors in a Hong Kong cohort with comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 505 adults with comorbid T2DM and MetS in Hong Kong. Data on TCM symptoms, clinical profiles, and patient-reported outcomes were collected. To identify patient subgroups, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis to derive syndrome constructs, and latent class analysis (LCA) to identify latent patient subgroups based on symptom patterns. Multinomial logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with the derived subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Complementary data-driven approaches identified distinct patient subgroups based on TCM syndrome patterns. PCA derived 5 symptom-based syndromes: Spleen and Kidney Yang Deficiency (17.62%), Qi and Yin Deficiency (22.97%), Kidney Essence Deficiency (10.89%), Yin and Yang Deficiency (22.97%), and Phlegm and Blood Stasis (25.54%). LCA identified 5 latent patient subgroups: Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency (14.46%), Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency with Qi and Yin Deficiency (14.46%), Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency (36.24%), Qi and Yin Deficiency with Phlegm-Blood Stasis (13.27%), and Phlegm and Blood Stasis (21.58%). Multinomial regression indicated that syndrome patterns were significantly associated with multiple factors (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05), including sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, monthly household income), clinical parameters (hypertension, triglyceride levels, basal metabolic rate), lifestyle behaviors (alcohol and caffeine consumption), and patient-reported outcomes (fatigue severity, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, Audit of diabetes-dependent quality of Life weighted score, and energy intake).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that complementary data-driven methods, specifically PCA and LCA, can effectively map the heterogeneous landscape of TCM syndromes in patients with comorbid T2DM and MetS. The analysis validates core constructs, including Phlegm and Blood Stasis, and links deficiency syndromes to severe fatigue and poor sleep. Future TCM syndrome research may benefit from prioritizing these empirically derived, multidimensional classifications to inform the development of personalized management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:related-object>\n                      <jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier NCT06703684.\n                    <\/jats:related-object>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1843491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:45:53Z","timestamp":1781671553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome patterns and associated factors in adults with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a data-driven analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jialing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minxia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoi Ki","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz Sin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth Ka Hei","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxiang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01951-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-015-0268-9","article-title":"The economic costs of type 2 diabetes: a global systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Seuring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000480525","article-title":"Obesity and type 2 diabetes: two diseases with a need for combined treatment strategies-EASO can lead the way","volume":"10","author":"Leitner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.5.1210","article-title":"NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older","volume":"52","author":"Alexander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6","article-title":"Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition","volume":"109","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14341\/2071-8713-5281","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)67402-8","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome\u2014a new worldwide definition","volume":"366","author":"Alberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diabetology4020015","article-title":"Progress in understanding metabolic syndrome and knowledge of its complex pathophysiology","volume":"4","author":"Jha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13760","article-title":"Evidence and potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001181","article-title":"Efficacy and safety assessment of traditional Chinese medicine for metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/187153008784534330","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.964495","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of traditional chinese medicine treatment for overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine","year":"2022"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-016-0076-y","article-title":"Identification of Chinese medicine syndromes in persistent insomnia associated with major depressive disorder: a latent tree analysis","volume":"11","author":"Yeung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2012.0487","article-title":"Statistical validation of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome postulates in the context of patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01760-0","article-title":"New clinical trial design in precision medicine: discovery, development and direction","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0223-8","article-title":"Differential proteomics for studying action mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.s523279","article-title":"Challenges in traditional Chinese medicine clinical trials: how to balance personalized treatment and standardized research","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/86217","article-title":"Traditional chinese medicine syndrome differentiation of adult patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: protocol for a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.ad","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.1.s83","article-title":"Guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China (2020 edition)","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chines J Dlabetes Mellitus"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Guideline for the integrated diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Chin Med"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Guideline for the integrated diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"62","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Guiding principles for clinical research of new Chinese medicine","author":"Xiaoyu","year":"2002"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Research on TCM pathologic features of metabolic syndrome based on factor analysis","volume":"16","author":"Nengjiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Liaoning Univ TCM"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12822","article-title":"Total and regional fat-to-muscle mass ratio measured by bioelectrical impedance and risk of incident type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation","year":"2000"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.01132","article-title":"Guideline for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults-2016","volume":"205","author":"Gabb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2011.00532.x","article-title":"Factor structure of a Cantonese-version Pittsburgh sleep quality index","volume":"10","author":"Chong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.010","article-title":"A single set of numerical cutpoints to define moderate and severe symptoms for the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System","volume":"39","author":"Selby","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnr.0000387313.20386.0a","article-title":"Selection of appropriate Chinese terms to represent intensity and types of physical activity terms for use in the Taiwan version of IPAQ","volume":"16","author":"Liou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081132","article-title":"Reproducibility and relative validity of a short food frequency questionnaire for Chinese older adults in Hong Kong","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1026485130100","article-title":"The development of an individualized questionnaire measure of perceived impact of diabetes on quality of life: the ADDQoL","volume":"8","author":"Bradley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1334522\/v1","article-title":"Sample size calculation for prevalence studies using Scalex and ScalaR calculators","volume":"22","author":"Naing","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/9781839705465.013","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the Hong Kong perspective","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32614\/cran.package.mice","article-title":"mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"Van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.020","article-title":"Congruence between latent class and K-modes analyses in the identification of oncology patients with distinct symptom experiences","volume":"55","author":"Papachristou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32614\/cran.package.polca","article-title":"poLCA: An R package for polytomous variable latent class analysis","volume":"42","author":"Linzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/sp.j.1041.2017.01473","article-title":"Performance of the entropy as an index of classification accuracy in latent profile analysis: A Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica Sin"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.10.011","article-title":"In simulated data and health records, latent class analysis was the optimum multimorbidity clustering algorithm","volume":"152","author":"Nichols","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/70602","article-title":"Identification of syndrome types in patients with pancreatic cancer from free text in electronic medical records: model development and validation","volume":"9","author":"Ba","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2015.07.027","article-title":"Methodological challenges in mapping chinese medicine syndrome with conventional diagnosis: Implications for multi-centre trials in integrative medicine","volume":"7","author":"Shuldiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Integr Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09731296241234717","article-title":"A review of traditional chinese medicine syndrome research on type 2 diabetes mellitus and its common chronic complications","volume":"20","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Mag"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.s295351","article-title":"The distribution pattern of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in 549 patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.728032","article-title":"Syndrome differentiation and treatment regularity in traditional Chinese medicine for type 2 diabetes: a text mining analysis","volume":"12","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1631312","article-title":"Research progress in the treatment of lipid metabolism disorder in patients with diabetic kidney disease by the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine","volume":"16","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcms.2025.09.003","article-title":"Pathological mechanisms and clinical significance of the association between metabolic syndrome and granulomatous mastitis based on intermingled phlegm-blood stasis theory","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Traditional Chin Med Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.645398","article-title":"Association between dietary patterns and plasma lipid biomarker and female breast cancer risk: comparison of latent class analysis (Lca) and factor analysis (Fa)","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0080-4","article-title":"Decomposing the heterogeneity of depression at the person-, symptom-, and time-level: latent variable models versus multimode principal component analysis","volume":"15","author":"de Vos","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12763","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of fatigue in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Romadlon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.181731","article-title":"Study of fatigue, depression, and associated factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus in industrial workers","volume":"24","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.06.009","article-title":"Predictors of sleep disorders among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab545","article-title":"Toward an improved classification of type 2 diabetes: lessons from research into the heterogeneity of a complex disease","volume":"106","author":"Redondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000042424","article-title":"The association between genetic risk and traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in T2DM patients: a latent class analysis","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-9-1","article-title":"Identifying the Zheng in psoriatic patients based on latent class analysis of traditional Chinese medicine symptoms and signs","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00656-x","article-title":"Quantification of prevalence, clinical characteristics, co-existence, and geographic variations of traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic patterns via latent tree analysis-based differentiation rules among functional dyspepsia patients","volume":"17","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2023.101019","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic prediction model for holistic syndrome differentiation based on deep learning","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr Med Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1843491\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:46:02Z","timestamp":1781671562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1843491\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1843491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1843491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"article-number":"1843491"}}