{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:06:18Z","timestamp":1784696778080,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the value of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) and the controlling nutritional status score (CONUT) in predicting the risk of progression to severe sepsis or septic shock in patients with diabetes complicated by\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      bloodstream infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 236 patients with diabetes complicated by\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      bloodstream infections from January 2023 to December 2025 were enrolled. Patients were grouped based on CTI quartiles (Q1-Q4) and CONUT scores (normal-low risk, moderate risk, high risk). Demographic, clinical characteristics, and laboratory indicators were collected to analyze intergroup differences and their association with severe clinical outcomes (severe sepsis or septic shock). Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for confounding factors, and ROC curves evaluated the predictive ability of combined CTI and CONUT indices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study found that as the CTI quartile increased, the incidence of sepsis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001) and in-hospital mortality (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.009) significantly increased. The CONUT high-risk group exhibited a particularly high sepsis incidence of 89.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001), with more pronounced trends toward elevated HbA1c levels and decreased platelet counts (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Significant correlations were observed between CTI and HbA1c levels. Within different CONUT score groups, the high-risk group demonstrated markedly higher HbA1c levels compared to the normal light exposure group. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that CTI Q4 (adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a05.301, 95% CI: 2.054-13.679,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001) and moderate\/high CONUT scores (adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a03.379 and 5.099, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001) were independent predictors of severe outcomes. ROC analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) for combined CTI and CONUT scores in predicting severe outcomes was 0.777 (95% CI: 0.716-0.837), outperforming either single indicator.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both CTI and CONUT scores were effective indicators for predicting severe sepsis or septic shock in patients with diabetes complicated by\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      bloodstream infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1845110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:42:25Z","timestamp":1784695345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index and controlling nutritional status score for predicting severe sepsis or septic shock in diabetic patients with Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shixiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenfen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01781-8","article-title":"Temporal trends in diabetes mellitus type 2 and sepsis-related mortality among U.S. adults: a 22-year analysis","volume":"24","author":"Naveed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.08.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and outcomes of community-onset bacterial bloodstream infections in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2026.2644681","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolic reprogramming drives the development of metabolic diseases in the host","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12547","article-title":"Diabetic status and the relation of the three domains of glycemic control to mortality in critically ill patients: an international multicenter cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Krinsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cce.0000000000001085","article-title":"Preexisting diabetes mellitus and all-cause mortality in adult patients with sepsis: a population-based cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Angriman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01529-z","article-title":"C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index predicts stroke incidence in a hypertensive population: a national cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.905266","article-title":"A novel inflammation and insulin resistance related indicator to predict the survival of patients with cancer","volume":"13","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02686-9","article-title":"Association between C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index and stroke risk in different glycemic status: insights from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)","volume":"24","author":"Huo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-02056-1","article-title":"Cumulative of c-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index exposure and risk of diabetes in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: findings from a national longitudinal cohort","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70120","DOI":"10.1002\/inmd.70120","article-title":"SUMOylation regulates tumorigenesis and progression: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Interdiscip Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02835-0","article-title":"Association of C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index with the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02960-w","article-title":"The relationship between C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index and cardiovascular disease: insights from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1689238","article-title":"Inflammatory storm and metabolic disorders: unraveling heterogeneity in mortality risk for comorbid diabetes mellitus and heart failure via the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.11.002","article-title":"Prognostic value of controlling nutritional status score and prognostic nutritional index for all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Fukuoka Kidney Disease Registry Study","volume":"156","author":"Haruyama","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/meg.0000000000002965","article-title":"Controlling nutritional status score predicts posthepatectomy liver failure: an online interpretable machine learning prediction model","volume":"37","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03740-9","article-title":"Association between controlling nutritional status score and chronic kidney disease in diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"56","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721241289971","article-title":"Association between controlling nutritional status score and diabetic retinopathy: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"35","author":"Ruan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2025.2607497","article-title":"Prognostic value of C-reactive protein triglyceride glucose index versus triglyceride glucose index in critically ill patients: a machine learning-driven cohort analysis","volume":"26","author":"Shuai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02739-8","article-title":"The C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index (CTI) as a predictor of mortality and hospital stay in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-025-00247-3","article-title":"Chronic hyperglycemia and cardiovascular dysfunction: an in-depth exploration of metabolic and cellular pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol Endocrinol Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i9.1853","article-title":"Inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dynamics: repercussions on coronary artery disease in diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Tatmatsu-Rocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115585","article-title":"Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in diabetes mellitus and its complications: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"29","author":"Lei","year":"2026","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1599","article-title":"Malnutrition diagnosis in critically ill patients using 2012 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics\/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition standardized diagnostic characteristics is associated with longer hospital and intensive care unit length of stay and increased in-hospital mortality","volume":"44","author":"Hiura","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101195","article-title":"Concurrent and predictive validity of different tools for malnutrition diagnosis in adult critically ill patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"123","author":"Stello","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1845110\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:42:32Z","timestamp":1784695352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1845110\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1845110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1845110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"article-number":"1845110"}}