{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:16:40Z","timestamp":1783055800435,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hydrosalpinx is one of the common organic causes of infertility, and the accumulation of fluid in this condition can severely affect embryo implantation and development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected fallopian tube fluid from 10 patients with hydrosalpinx and normal pelvic fluid from 10 infertile women undergoing tubal patency testing as an external reference for untargeted metabolomics analysis. Metabolites were annotated using the KEGG and HMDB databases, and key metabolic disorder pathways were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was then employed to screen for hub metabolites closely associated with disease status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that a total of 660 significantly different metabolites were identified, of which 209 were upregulated and 451 were downregulated. Enrichment analysis indicated that these metabolites were mainly involved in the Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, Efferocytosis, Arachidonic acid metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism, etc. WGCNA further identified several core metabolites, including 5-[1-Carboxy-2-(Trimethylazaniumyl) Ethoxy]-5-Oxopentanoate, D-Dopachrome, etc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with pelvic fluid, the metabolic profile of hydrosalpinx shows differences in lipid and amino acid metabolism, including differences in unsaturated fatty acid Biosynthesis, apoptotic cell clearance, arachidonic acid metabolic pathways, and tryptophan metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1847941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:23:17Z","timestamp":1783052597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Untargeted metabolomic profiling of hydrosalpinx fluid: a descriptive analysis with pelvic fluid as external reference"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haofei","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wankun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxiu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Maternal and Child Health Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an People\u2019s Hospital, Xi\u2019an Fourth Hospital","place":["Xian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.01.011","article-title":"Hydrosalpinx - salpingostomy, salpingectomy or tubal occlusion","volume":"59","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000032806","article-title":"Which patients with hydrosalpinx will benefit more from reproductive surgery to improve natural pregnancy outcomes?: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.12.020","article-title":"Hydrosalpinx and pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Harb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod BioMedicine Online"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.04.016","article-title":"High prevalence of chronic endometritis in women diagnosed with hydrosalpinx before in vitro fertilization treatment","volume":"32","author":"Bouet","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17063","article-title":"Study of hydrosalpinx on endometrial growth and expression of HOXA10mRNA and related factors","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.01.011","article-title":"Hydrosalpinx \u2013 salpingostomy, salpingectomy or tubal occlusion","volume":"59","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstetrics Gynaecology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002125.pub4","article-title":"Surgical treatment for tubal disease in women due to undergo in vitro fertilisation","volume":"10","author":"Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.03.046","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of interventional embolization and laparoscopic tubal ligation on frozen-thawed embryo transfer success in women with hydrosalpinx","volume":"309","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Obstetrics Gynecology Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2017.12.004","article-title":"Hydrosalpinx sclerotherapy before in vitro fertilization: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Minimally Invasive Gynecology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.302","article-title":"Nontargeted metabolomics analysis of follicular fluid in patients with endometriosis provides a new direction for the study of oocyte quality","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3185871\/v1","article-title":"Integrated lipid metabolomics and proteomics analysis reveal the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.08.028","article-title":"Nervonic acid triggered ovarian inflammation by inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress to activate NLRP3\/ IL-1\u03b2 pathway","volume":"73","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.092","article-title":"Pro-resolving mediators produced from EPA and DHA: overview of the pathways involved and their mechanisms in metabolic syndrome and related liver diseases","volume":"785","author":"L\u00f3pez-Vicario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108439","article-title":"Icosapent ethyl in cardiovascular prevention: resolution of inflammation through the eicosapentaenoic acid - resolvin E1 - ChemR23 axis","volume":"247","author":"B\u00e4ck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2022.101597","article-title":"E-series resolvin metabolome, biosynthesis and critical role of stereochemistry of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in inflammation-resolution: preparing SPMs for long COVID-19, human clinical trials, and targeted precision nutrition","volume":"59","author":"Serhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03113","article-title":"Increased tissue levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents pathological preterm birth","volume":"3","author":"Yamashita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010036","article-title":"Insight on polyunsaturated fatty acids in endometrial receptivity","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2025.101357","article-title":"Roles of prostaglandin signaling in implantation and decidualization","volume":"100","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02484-7","article-title":"Efferocytosis: the art of cellular clearance and novel perspectives in disease therapy","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104413","article-title":"Efferocytosis and infertility: implications for diagnosis and therapy","volume":"167","author":"Bavarsad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04197-2","article-title":"An imbalance of the IL-33\/ST2-AXL-efferocytosis axis induces pregnancy loss through metabolic reprogramming of decidual macrophages","volume":"79","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-303168\/v1","article-title":"D-dopachrome tautomerase activates COX2\/PGE(2) pathway of astrocytes to mediate inflammation following spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.03.014","article-title":"D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT or MIF-2): doubling the MIF cytokine family","volume":"59","author":"Merk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1847941\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:23:17Z","timestamp":1783052597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1847941\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1847941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1847941","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"article-number":"1847941"}}