{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T05:24:42Z","timestamp":1786944282974,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the first meal of the day, breakfast significantly impacts the daily blood glucose profile of people with diabetes. However, there is currently no consensus on the optimal macronutrient composition of breakfast (i.e., the appropriate ratio of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and dietary fiber). This systematic review and network meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of different macronutrient compositions in breakfast on postprandial blood glucose control in people with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published from the inception of each database through March 23, 2026. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of different breakfast macronutrient compositions on glucose-related outcomes in patients with diabetes. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessments (using the RoB 2.0 tool). We conducted pairwise and network meta-analyses using a random-effects model. Effect sizes were reported as standardized mean differences or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Interventions were ranked using the SUCRA score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 25 randomized controlled trials were included. Compared with a standard breakfast, adjusting the macronutrient composition of breakfast significantly reduced 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (mean difference = \u22121.90 mmol\/L; 95% confidence interval: \u22122.46 to \u22121.34; P&amp;lt; 0.001), glycated hemoglobin (mean difference = \u22120.52%; 95% confidence interval: \u22120.59% to \u22120.45%; P&amp;lt; 0.001), and the area under the postprandial glucose curve (standardized mean difference = \u22121.24; 95% confidence interval: \u22122.45 to \u22120.03; P\u00a0=\u00a00.045). Subgroup analyses showed that legume-based breakfasts and low-glycemic-index breakfasts were most effective in reducing 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, while breakfasts supplemented with whey protein were most effective in improving HbA1c. Network meta-analysis and SUCRA ranking indicated that legume-based breakfasts (85.7%) and low-glycemic-index breakfasts (71.4%) were the preferred breakfast choices. No significant publication bias was detected, and the results of sensitivity analyses were robust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusting the macronutrient and dietary fiber composition of breakfast can significantly improve postprandial blood glucose control in people with diabetes. Legume-based breakfasts and low-glycemic-index breakfasts were most effective at lowering 2-hour postprandial blood glucose levels, while breakfasts supplemented with whey protein were most effective at reducing HbA1c.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420261367773.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1859725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:36:40Z","timestamp":1786941400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of breakfast macronutrient composition on postprandial glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jing-Xian","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ming","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Xia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Zhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Wen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Shuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sui-Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangpu District Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Endocrinology and Metabolism","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes-2026","volume":"49","author":"Bajaj","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.5956","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults: A review","volume":"334","author":"Kalyani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000230107.78524.da","article-title":"The DECODE study. Diabetes epidemiology: Collaborative analysis of diagnostic criteria in Europe","volume":"26","author":"Balkau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010085","article-title":"Effect of a high protein diet at breakfast on postprandial glucose level at dinner time in healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112320","article-title":"Breakfast consumption may improve fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels in predominately low-income, Hispanic children 7-12 years of age","volume":"14","author":"Jeans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.33193","article-title":"Age, sex, BMI, meal timing, and glycemic response to meal glycemic load","volume":"8","author":"Calvo-Malvar","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s000711451700174x","article-title":"Meal-specific food patterns and the incidence of hyperglycemia in a Chinese adult population","volume":"118","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212355","article-title":"Interaction between early meals (Big-breakfast diet), clock gene mRNA expression, and gut microbiome to regulate weight loss and glucose metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101540","article-title":"Towards an evidence-based recommendation for a balanced breakfast-a proposal from the International Breakfast Research Initiative","volume":"10","author":"Gibney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1583-7","article-title":"Network meta-analysis: An introduction for clinicians","volume":"12","author":"Rouse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.9.3.250","article-title":"Comparison of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and C-peptide responses to three isocaloric breakfasts in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects","volume":"9","author":"Colagiuri","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.930349","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of a bean-based and a white rice-based breakfast diet on postprandial glucose and insulin levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020417","article-title":"Impact of a usual serving size of flavanol-rich cocoa powder ingested with a diabetic-suitable meal on postprandial cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics-a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study","volume":"11","author":"Rynarzewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fo00900c","article-title":"Cranberries improve postprandial glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Schell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001258","article-title":"Use of a diabetes-specific nutritional shake to replace a daily breakfast and afternoon snack improves glycemic responses assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Mustad","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-23","article-title":"Bean and rice meals reduce postprandial glycemic response in adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross-over study","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.04.082","article-title":"Effect of high and low glycemic index breakfast on postprandial metabolic parameters and satiety in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus under intensive insulin therapy: Controlled clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Lobos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.1.66","article-title":"Effects of high fiber breakfasts on glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetics","volume":"40","author":"Parsons","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.04.032","article-title":"Impact of a low-carbohydrate compared with low-fat breakfast on blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial","volume":"118","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.09.013","article-title":"Postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes is reduced by raw insoluble fiber: A randomized trial","volume":"34","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.135343","article-title":"Effect of carbohydrate restriction in the first meal after an overnight fast on glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial","volume":"104","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.3.638","article-title":"Effect of carbohydrate distribution on postprandial glucose peaks with the use of continuous glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Pearce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0599-2","article-title":"Effects of substituting eggs for high-carbohydrate breakfast foods on the cardiometabolic risk-factor profile in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"74","author":"Maki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Influence of short-term high-fat diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in male Han Chinese with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053449","article-title":"One egg per day improves inflammation when compared to an oatmeal-based breakfast without increasing other cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetic patients","volume":"7","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20654","article-title":"Big breakfast rich in protein and fat improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetics","volume":"22","author":"Rabinovitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125740","article-title":"Taking a low glycemic index multi-nutrient supplement as breakfast improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.07.005","article-title":"High-energy breakfast based on whey protein reduces body weight, postprandial glycemia and HbA(1C) in type 2 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.33345","article-title":"Four-week low-glycemic index breakfast with a modest amount of soluble fibers in type 2 diabetic men","volume":"51","author":"Kabir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.9.1522","article-title":"Effect of wheat bran on glycemic control and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Jenkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.157263","article-title":"Plasma glucose and insulin responses after consumption of breakfasts with different sources of soluble fiber in type 2 diabetes patients: A randomized crossover clinical trial","volume":"106","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114514001123","article-title":"Breakfast replacement with a low-glycaemic response liquid formula in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"112","author":"Stenvers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0263","article-title":"Whole-grain processing and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial","volume":"43","author":"\u00c5berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.06.352","article-title":"The effect of nopal (Opuntia ficus indica) on postprandial blood glucose, incretins, and antioxidant activity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes after consumption of two different composition breakfasts","volume":"114","author":"L\u00f3pez-Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.41","article-title":"Postprandial effects of a whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional drink compared with a normal breakfast on glucose, insulin, and active GLP-1 response among type 2 diabetic subjects: A crossover randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Sridonpai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej20-0623","article-title":"Distinct effects of carbohydrate ingestion timing on glucose fluctuation and energy metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study","volume":"68","author":"Enyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602427","article-title":"Effects of breakfast meal composition on second meal metabolic responses in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.12.022","article-title":"Effect of medium-chain triglycerides and whey protein isolate preloads on glycaemia in type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover study","volume":"121","author":"Pabla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90017-l","article-title":"The effect of muesli or cornflakes at breakfast on carbohydrate metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"15","author":"Golay","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo01778j","article-title":"The effect of regular consumption of lupin-containing foods on glycaemic control and blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diabetology5040033","article-title":"A randomized crossover study comparing the effects of diabetes-specific formula with common Asian breakfasts on glycemic control and satiety in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_551_15","article-title":"Postprandial glycaemic response of foxtail millet dosa in comparison to a rice dosa in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"144","author":"Narayanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-2831","article-title":"Premeal whey protein lowers postprandial blood glucose in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomized, crossover clinical trial","volume":"48","author":"Smedegaard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020475","article-title":"Effect of high versus low carbohydrate intake in the morning on glycemic variability and glycemic control measured by continuous blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus-a randomized crossover study","volume":"12","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5010001","article-title":"Timing of peak blood glucose after breakfast meals of different glycemic index in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Louie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-9136(1998110)15:11<972::aid-dia704>3.0.co;2-2","article-title":"Effects of different glycaemic index foods and dietary fibre intake on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic patients on intensive insulin therapy","volume":"15","author":"Lafrance","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.1.58","article-title":"Effects of dietary fiber on postprandial glycemic profiles in diabetic patients submitted to continuous programmed insulin infusion","volume":"40","author":"Chenon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030373","article-title":"The effect of dietary glycaemic index on glycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Ojo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051003","article-title":"Habitual dietary fiber intake, fecal microbiota, and hemoglobin A1c level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.10.019","article-title":"Impact of low-starch high-fiber pasta on postprandial blood glucose","volume":"32","author":"Oba-Yamamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01121","article-title":"Soluble dietary fibers as antihyperlipidemic agents: A comprehensive review to maximize their health benefits","volume":"8","author":"Bakr","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.211","article-title":"Effect of a high-protein breakfast on the postprandial ghrelin response","volume":"83","author":"Blom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000002501","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin no. 190: Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"131","author":"Caughey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103050","article-title":"Diet and healthy lifestyle in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1859725\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:36:49Z","timestamp":1786941409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1859725\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1859725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1859725","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"article-number":"1859725"}}