{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:35:22Z","timestamp":1789486522565,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) is a multifactorial disease representing one of the most prevalent causes of infertility in women, affecting up to 15% of females of reproductive age. PMOS is characterized by a combination of ovarian dysfunction, hyperandrogenemia and endocrine derangement, frequently accompanied by metabolic comorbidities including insulin resistance and obesity. Despite its clinical importance, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Rodent models have been foundational for genetic and mechanistic studies but differ from humans in fundamental aspects of reproductive physiology and neuroendocrine rhythms may not recapitulate the PMOS phenotype at either the ovarian or the neuroendocrine level. This review evaluates current farm animal models of PMOS in humans with a special emphasis on ovarian and endocrine function. Farm animal species, particularly sheep, cattle, horses and pigs, offer complementary advantages compared to rodents: comparable estrous cycle length, well-characterized follicular wave dynamics, and the capacity for longitudinal endocrine and ultrasonographic monitoring at a scale not feasible in human studies. While no current animal model parallels PMOS in its entirety, domestic animals may be useful to disentangle the mechanisms that are participating in PMOS at the ovarian and endocrine level, such as follicular arrest and hormonal dysregulation. The adoption of farm animals in the study of PMOS will complement mechanistic and clinical studies for future diagnosis and therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1863933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:07:24Z","timestamp":1789477644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Farm animal models for the study of the reproductive features of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo A.","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Dadarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","article-title":"Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqac164","article-title":"Update on animal models of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Stener-Victorin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00511-3","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Stener-Victorin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.131631","article-title":"A novel letrozole model recapitulates both the reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in female mice","volume":"93","author":"Kauffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21308-y","article-title":"The Goto-Kakizaki rat is a spontaneous prototypical rodent model of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Bourgneuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397175-3.00026-0","article-title":"Neuroendocrine control of the ovarian cycle of the rat","volume-title":"Knobil and Neill\u2019s Physiology of Reproduction (Fourth Edition)","author":"Levine","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.170981","article-title":"Circadian and kisspeptin regulation of the preovulatory surge","volume":"163","author":"Piet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000048233","article-title":"Timing of initiation of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge and its relationship with the circadian cortisol rhythm in the human","volume":"75","author":"Kerdelhu\u00e9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.11.003","article-title":"Circadian influence on the preovulatory LH surge, ovulation, and prolactin concentrations in heifers","volume":"79","author":"Ginther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97179","article-title":"GnRH pulse generator activity in mouse models of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod39.2.308","article-title":"Ovarian follicular dynamics during the estrous cycle in heifers monitored by real-time ultrasonography","volume":"39","author":"Sirois","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1010501","article-title":"Ultrasonographic study of ovarian follicular dynamics in ewes during the oestrous cycle","volume":"101","author":"Ravindra","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0900311","article-title":"Folliculogenesis during the transitional period and early ovulatory season in mares","volume":"90","author":"Ginther","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.017772","article-title":"Characterization of ovarian follicular wave dynamics in women","volume":"69","author":"Baerwald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.04.010","article-title":"Large animal models for the study of ovarian follicular dynamics in women","volume":"78","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1863960","article-title":"Regulation of ovarian function in domestic animals: translational insights into human ovarian dynamics and dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Dadarwal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.xxxivs0007","article-title":"The ovarian follicular system in sexually mature heifers with special reference to seasonal, cyclical, end left-right variations","volume":"34","author":"Rajakoski","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4320(03)00100-3","article-title":"Promise of new imaging technologies for assessing ovarian function","volume":"78","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0739-7240(89)90040-4","article-title":"Ovarian follicular dynamics in heifers: test of two-wave hypothesis by ultrasonically monitoring individual follicles","volume":"6","author":"Knopf","year":"1989","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0940177","article-title":"Association between surges of follicle-stimulating hormone and the emergence of follicular waves in heifers","volume":"94","author":"Adams","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691x(84)90409-6","article-title":"Ultrasonic anatomy of equine ovaries","volume":"21","author":"Ginther","year":"1984","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"39","article-title":"Impacts of early postpartum metabolism on follicular development and fertility","volume-title":"American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings","author":"Britt","year":"1991"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0810301","article-title":"Growth rates of follicles in the ovary of the cow","volume":"81","author":"Lussier","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4320(03)00091-5","article-title":"Follicular oocyte growth and acquisition of developmental competence","volume":"78","author":"Fair","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12371","article-title":"The role of pituitary gonadotropins and intraovarian regulators in follicle development: a mini-review","volume":"20","author":"Orisaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Med Biol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.3.638","article-title":"Follicle selection in monovular species","volume":"65","author":"Ginther","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.2.383","article-title":"Selection of the dominant follicle in cattle: role of estradiol","volume":"63","author":"Ginther","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0739-7240(97)00020-9","article-title":"Inhibin is involved in the suppression of FSH secretion in the growth phase of the dominant follicle during the early luteal phase in cows","volume":"14","author":"Kaneko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.09.025","article-title":"The mare: a 1000-pound Guinea pig for study of the ovulatory follicular wave in women","volume":"77","author":"Ginther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"45","article-title":"Follicle dynamics and selection in mares","volume":"1","author":"Ginther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim Reprod"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0093-691x(99)00114-4","article-title":"An ultrasonographic study of luteal function in breeds of sheep with different ovulation rates","volume":"52","author":"Bartlewski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4320(00)00083-x","article-title":"Selection of the dominant follicle in cattle and horses","author":"Ginther","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102308","article-title":"Asynchronous ovulation in mares: seasonal variations in frequency","volume":"176","author":"Morel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0880623","article-title":"Seasonal cycles in the blood plasma concentration of FSH, inhibin and testosterone, and testicular size in rams of wild, feral and domesticated breeds of sheep","volume":"88","author":"Lincoln","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2015.0038","article-title":"Value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome - literature review","volume":"15","author":"Bachanek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ultrason"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1104","article-title":"The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited","volume":"37","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1960.tb01823.x","article-title":"Site of production of oestrogen in rat ovary as studied in micro-transplants","volume":"47","author":"Falck","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-2215-2-17","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone-induced Akt phosphorylation and androgen production are modulated by MAP kinase in bovine theca cells","volume":"2","author":"Fukuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.79.4.7962289","article-title":"Hypersecretion of androstenedione by isolated thecal cells from polycystic ovaries","volume":"79","author":"Gilling-Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Studies on steroidogenesis of isolated granulosa cells and thecal tissue in tissue culture--with special reference to polycystic ovary syndrome (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"33","author":"Yoshimura","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7318","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone receptor, steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein, and steroidogenic enzyme messenger ribonucleic acids are overexpressed in thecal and granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries","volume":"86","author":"Jakimiuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.6.0311","article-title":"Augmented androgen production is a stable steroidogenic phenotype of propagated theca cells from polycystic ovaries","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0044","article-title":"Follicular hyperandrogenism downregulates aromatase in luteinized granulosa cells in polycystic ovary syndrome women","volume":"150","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa515","article-title":"Ultrasound characterization of disordered antral follicle development in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Jarrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7751","article-title":"Development of morphologically dominant follicles is associated with fewer metabolic disturbances in amenorrheic women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Lujan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.724545.x","article-title":"Functional integrity of granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries","volume":"44","author":"Almahbobi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1422","article-title":"Prolonged survival in culture of preantral follicles from polycystic ovaries","volume":"92","author":"Webber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14708","article-title":"Ovarian response to follicle stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome is diminished compared to ovulatory controls","volume":"97","author":"Harrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-2760(92)90046-4","article-title":"Follistatin\/activin-binding protein","volume":"3","author":"Robertson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.4.668","article-title":"Circulating follistatin concentrations are higher and activin concentrations are lower in polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Norman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah015","article-title":"Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone expression pattern in the human ovary: potential implications for initial and cyclic follicle recruitment","volume":"10","author":"Weenen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S299558","article-title":"The relationship of anti-Mullerian hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with different subgroups","volume":"14","author":"Ran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10055","article-title":"Novel role for anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone in the regulation of GnRH neuron excitability and hormone secretion","volume":"7","author":"Cimino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad082","article-title":"Sheep with ovarian androgen excess have fibrosis and follicular arrest with increased mRNA abundance for steroidogenic enzymes and gonadotropin receptors","volume":"101","author":"Abedal-Majed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac151","article-title":"Naturally occurring androgen excess cows are present in dairy and beef herds and have similar characteristics to women with PCOS","volume":"100","author":"Abedal-Majed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-2-233","article-title":"Circulating luteinizing hormone pulse frequency in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Kazer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-1-165","article-title":"Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization","volume":"66","author":"Waldstreicher","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13093","article-title":"The role of gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone neurons in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"34","author":"McCartney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104850","article-title":"Overactivation of GnRH neurons is sufficient to trigger polycystic ovary syndrome-like traits in female mice","volume":"97","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14711","article-title":"Impaired steroid hormone feedback in polycystic ovary syndrome: Evidence from preclinical models for abnormalities within central circuits controlling fertility","volume":"97","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713897114","article-title":"Definition of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator in mice","volume":"114","author":"Clarkson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfz026","article-title":"Farm animals are important biomedical models","volume":"9","author":"Hamernik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0730385","article-title":"Ovulation in prenatally androgenized ewes","volume":"73","author":"Clarke","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.36.1.87","article-title":"Effects of testosterone implants in pregnant ewes on their female offspring","volume":"36","author":"Clarke","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.10.005","article-title":"Sheep models of polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype","volume":"373","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220965","article-title":"Prenatal programming of reproductive neuroendocrine function: fetal androgen exposure produces progressive disruption of reproductive cycles in sheep","volume":"144","author":"Birch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.072801","article-title":"Developmental programming: differential effects of prenatal testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on follicular recruitment, depletion of follicular reserve, and ovarian morphology in sheep","volume":"80","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1338","article-title":"Fetal programming: prenatal testosterone treatment leads to follicular persistence\/luteal defects; partial restoration of ovarian function by cyclic progesterone treatment","volume":"147","author":"Manikkam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03230-1","article-title":"Prenatal programming by testosterone of follicular theca cell functions in ovary","volume":"77","author":"Monniaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0643","article-title":"Stockpiling of transitional and classic primary follicles in ovaries of women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Maciel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0339","article-title":"Developmental programming: follicular persistence in prenatal testosterone-treated sheep is not programmed by androgenic actions of testosterone","volume":"148","author":"Steckler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.6.1459","article-title":"Luteal phase progesterone excretion in ovulatory women with polycystic ovaries","volume":"17","author":"Joseph-Horne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.4.924","article-title":"Fetal programming: prenatal androgen disrupts positive feedback actions of estradiol but does not affect timing of puberty in female sheep","volume":"66","author":"Forsdike","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1609","article-title":"Prenatal testosterone treatment leads to changes in the morphology of KNDy neurons, their inputs, and projections to gnRH cells in female sheep","volume":"156","author":"Cernea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.07097","article-title":"Disordered follicle development in ovaries of prenatally androgenized ewes","volume":"192","author":"Forsdike","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05","DOI":"10.32749\/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br\/veterinaria-en\/bilateral-polycystic-ovary","article-title":"Bilateral polycystic ovary in a nellore cow: case report","volume":"1","author":"Sampaio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Cient\u00edfica Multidisciplinar N\u00facleo do Conhecimento"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110683","article-title":"Altered theca and cumulus oocyte complex gene expression, follicular arrest and reduced fertility in cows with dominant follicle follicular fluid androgen excess","volume":"9","author":"Summers","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab201","article-title":"VEGFA165 can rescue excess steroid secretion, inflammatory markers, and follicle arrest in the ovarian cortex of High A4 cows\u2020","volume":"106","author":"Abedal-Majed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11252-7","article-title":"Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in granulosa cells from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome contributes to ovarian fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/iox156","article-title":"Trio a novel bovine high-fecundity allele: II. Hormonal profile and follicular dynamics underlying the high ovulation rate","volume":"98","author":"Garcia-Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.05.029","article-title":"Follicular waves and hormonal profiles during the estrous cycle of carriers and non-carriers of the Trio allele, a major bovine gene for high ovulation and fecundity","volume":"100","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.065847","article-title":"Intrafollicular steroids and anti-mullerian hormone during normal and cystic ovarian follicular development in the cow","volume":"79","author":"Monniaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070791","article-title":"Regulatory RNA networks in ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows: implications for human polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Kasimanickam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.58292\/CT.v17.11644","article-title":"Anovular conditions impacting fertility in dairy cattle and considerations for clinical management","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2025","journal-title":"CT"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.107862","article-title":"Effect of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance on follicle development and ovulation","volume":"88","author":"Hackbart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.036277","article-title":"Numbers of antral follicles during follicular waves in cattle: evidence for high variation among animals, very high repeatability in individuals, and an inverse association with serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations","volume":"73","author":"Burns","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0214","article-title":"Evidence that high variation in antral follicle count during follicular waves is linked to alterations in ovarian androgen production in cattle","volume":"140","author":"Mossa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1143-0_30","article-title":"Development of a porcine model of cystic fibrosis","volume":"120","author":"Welsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"B91","first-page":"35","article-title":"Components of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease in female Ossabaw swine fed excess atherogenic diet","volume":"56","author":"Dyson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"B92","article-title":"Effects of diet-induced obesity on metabolic parameters and reproductive function in female Ossabaw minipigs","volume":"64","author":"Newell-Fugate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.20.4.A299-d","article-title":"AMP kinase gene mutation is consistent with a thrifty phenotype (metabolic syndrome) in a population of feral swine","volume":"20","author":"Lloyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128749","article-title":"Effects of obesity and metabolic syndrome on steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis in the female ossabaw mini-pig","volume":"10","author":"Newell-Fugate","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00757","article-title":"Systemic concentrations of hormones during the development of follicular waves in mares and women: a comparative study","volume":"130","author":"Ginther","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.09.011","article-title":"The mare model for follicular maturation and reproductive aging in the woman","volume":"69","author":"Carnevale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B97","unstructured":"Review of ovarian abnormalities in the mare: A video perspective - AAEP\n          \n          \n            \n              McCue\n              P\n            \n            \n              Ferris\n              R\n            \n          \n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.02.015","article-title":"Follicle and systemic hormone interrelationships during induction of luteinized unruptured follicles with a prostaglandin inhibitor in mares","volume":"76","author":"Cuervo-Arango","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.10.007","article-title":"Hormonal composition of follicular fluid from abnormal follicular structures in mares","volume":"97","author":"Beltman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"B100","article-title":"Reduced anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) in mares with hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles","volume":"15","author":"Gharagozlou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0457","article-title":"The mare as a model for luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome: intrafollicular endocrine milieu","volume":"151","author":"Bashir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.02.008","article-title":"Research and development of a silicone letrozole-releasing device to control reproduction in cattle","volume":"146","author":"Zwiefelhofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1863933\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:07:28Z","timestamp":1789477648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1863933\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1863933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1863933","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"article-number":"1863933"}}