{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:46:18Z","timestamp":1785818778820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association between a clinical pharmacist-led multimodal remote medication intervention and glycemic control, insulin resistance and estimated \u03b2-cell function, medication adherence, and individualized treatment outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single-center, retrospective, controlled study design was used. A total of 163 patients with T2DM treated in the Endocrinology Department of our hospital between January 2022 and December 2024 were included and allocated, according to the type of pharmaceutical service actually received, to an intervention group (IG, n=85; electronic medical records confirmed receipt of a multimodal remote medication intervention) or a control group (CG, n=78; standard pharmaceutical care). Glycemic indices (HbA1c, FPG, 2hPG), lipid profile and blood pressure, HOMA-IR, HOMA-\u03b2, MMAS-8 score, individualized target-attainment rates, and adverse drug reaction data were extracted from the electronic medical record system at baseline and 6 months after intervention, and subgroup analyses were performed according to age, insulin use, and baseline medication adherence. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), 1:1 nearest-neighbor propensity score matching, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and Bonferroni correction were used to evaluate the robustness of the findings; subgroup analyses were exploratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups (all P&amp;gt;0.05). After intervention, HbA1c, FPG, and 2hPG were all significantly lower in the IG than in the CG (all P&amp;lt;0.001; ANCOVA-adjusted between-group differences: HbA1c \u22120.72%, FPG \u22120.96 mmol\/L, 2hPG \u22121.59 mmol\/L). TC, TG, LDL-C, SBP, and DBP were all significantly lower, and HDL-C significantly higher, in the IG (all P&amp;lt;0.05). HOMA-IR was significantly lower and HOMA-\u03b2 significantly higher in the IG (both P&amp;lt;0.001). MMAS-8 scores and the proportion of patients with high adherence were significantly greater in the IG (P&amp;lt;0.001). HbA1c attainment, LDL-C attainment, and composite triple-target attainment rates were all higher in the IG (all P&amp;lt;0.01). The overall incidence of adverse drug reaction events was lower in the IG (P&amp;lt;0.05). Exploratory subgroup analyses showed that, within strata defined by age, insulin use, and baseline adherence, the direction of between-group differences in the primary outcomes was generally consistent. Results of the PSM cohort (n=59 pairs) and the IPTW sensitivity analysis were directionally consistent with the primary analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-center retrospective study, a clinical pharmacist-led multimodal remote medication intervention was associated with more favorable glycemic and cardiometabolic indices, lower HOMA-IR, higher estimated HOMA-\u03b2, higher medication adherence, and higher attainment of individualized treatment targets. Because of the non-randomized, observational design, and because HOMA indices are indirect surrogate markers, these associations do not establish causality, the independent contribution of any single intervention component, or recovery of \u03b2-cell function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1867163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:26:48Z","timestamp":1785817608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between a clinical pharmacist\u2013led multimodal remote medication intervention and individualized treatment outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuanfen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaifeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qimei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adverse Drug and Medical Device Reaction Monitoring Center","place":["Zunyi Administration for Market Regulation, Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangfu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Infectious Disease Hospital","place":["Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00299-2","article-title":"11th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional, and national diabetes prevalence estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050","volume":"14","author":"Genitsaridi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1538143","article-title":"Global burden and risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus from 1990 to 2021, with forecasts to 2050","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S181-S206","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S009","article-title":"9. 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