{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T06:44:11Z","timestamp":1794293051760,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite major advances in high-throughput genomics, proteomics, and multimodal imaging, a substantial gap persists between molecular tumor characterization and clinically actionable therapeutic decision-making, partly due to the limitations of conventional preclinical models in capturing tumor heterogeneity and predicting patient-specific drug response. Patient-derived organoids (PDO) have emerged as a promising platform to bridge this gap by enabling functional interrogation of individual tumors in a physiologically relevant three-dimensional context. PDO retain the genomic, transcriptomic, and histopathological features of their parental tumors while supporting long-term expansion, biobanking, and high-throughput pharmacological testing. In this review, we provide a clinically oriented overview of PDO technology as a key tool in functional precision oncology, summarizing current methodologies for tissue processing, organoid derivation, and quality control. We examine applications across multiple cancer types, including drug screening, radiotherapy response modeling, immuno-oncology co-culture systems, and CRISPR-based functional genomics, highlighting their role in directly measuring therapeutic vulnerability. We also integrate tumor-specific evidence across major malignancies, including colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancers, where PDO-based pharmacotyping shows strong concordance with clinical outcomes and is increasingly incorporated into prospective trials. Finally, we discuss the integration of PDO with emerging technologies, including organoid-on-chip systems, artificial intelligence-driven analytics, and hospital-integrated workflows, as a critical innovation layer that is redefining their clinical applicability. These integrative approaches move PDO beyond static ex vivo models toward dynamic, and decision-support systems, with the potential to substantially enhance predictive accuracy and real-time therapeutic stratification. Collectively, these advances position PDOs as a promising component in next-generation precision oncology, supporting a transition from static genomics-based stratification toward dynamic, functionally guided therapeutic decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1872361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:46:06Z","timestamp":1784695566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Patient-derived organoids in functional precision oncology: from experimental models to clinical decision-making"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Caruso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University \"Giuseppe Degennaro\"","place":["Casamassima, Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Delvecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University \"Giuseppe Degennaro\"","place":["Casamassima, Bari, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ecclesiastical Entity Regional General Hospital \u201cF. Miulli\u201d General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Memeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University \"Giuseppe Degennaro\"","place":["Casamassima, Bari, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ecclesiastical Entity Regional General Hospital \u201cF. Miulli\u201d General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Lanzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria","place":["Rende, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Martinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University \"Giuseppe Degennaro\"","place":["Casamassima, Bari, Italy"]},{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit, \u201cF. Miulli\u201d University Hospital","place":["Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.102226","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids: A preclinical platform for personalized cancer therapy","volume":"51","author":"Taurin","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.97.5.695","article-title":"Studies on the propagation in vitro of poliomyelitis viruses. IV. Viral multiplication in a stable strain of human Malignant epithelial cells (strain HeLa) derived from an epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix","volume":"97","author":"Scherer","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2014.573","article-title":"Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors","volume":"12","author":"Edmondson","year":"2014","journal-title":"ASSAY Drug Dev Technol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16035517","article-title":"Three-dimensional cell culture: a breakthrough in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Antoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2012.10.003","article-title":"Three-dimensional cell culture: the missing link in drug discovery","volume":"18","author":"Breslin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.079509","article-title":"Deconstructing the third dimension: how 3D culture microenvironments alter cellular cues","volume":"125","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioteChadv.2016.11.002","article-title":"3D tumor spheroids: an overview on the tools and techniques used for their analysis","volume":"34","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.03.013","article-title":"Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: Focus on tumor spheroid model","volume":"163","author":"Nath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.21844","article-title":"In vitro three-dimensional (3D) models in cancer research: an update","volume":"52","author":"Kimlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07935","article-title":"Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche","volume":"459","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01272-5","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids: a new avenue for preclinical research and precision medicine in oncology","volume":"56","author":"Thorel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0349","article-title":"Organoid profiling identifies common responders to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Tiriac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4102","article-title":"Base editing with a Cpf1-cytidine deaminase fusion","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2774","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"359","author":"Vlachogiannis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-1522","article-title":"Oral mucosal organoids as a potential platform for personalized cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Driehuis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.021","article-title":"Organoid modeling of the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"175","author":"Neal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.09.005","article-title":"AI-enabled organoids: Construction, analysis, and application","volume":"31","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28775","article-title":"Combining automated organoid workflows with artificial intelligence-based analyses: Opportunities to build a new generation of interdisciplinary high-throughput screens for Parkinson\u2019s disease and beyond","volume":"36","author":"Renner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104490","article-title":"A deep learning model for detection and tracking in high-throughput images of organoid","volume":"134","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12539-020-00386-4","article-title":"Review of artificial intelligence applications and algorithms for brain organoid research","volume":"12","author":"Badai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interdiscip Sci-Comput Life Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.22.017","article-title":"Deep learning predicts the differentiation of kidney organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00171","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks can predict retinal differentiation in retinal organoids","volume":"14","author":"Kegeles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/joeb-2019-0018","article-title":"Machine learning for stem cell differentiation and proliferation classification on electrical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Electr Bioimpedance"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14503","article-title":"FDA modernization act 2.0 allows for alternatives to animal testing","volume":"47","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62541","DOI":"10.3791\/62541","article-title":"Organotypic slice cultures as preclinical models of tumor microenvironment in primary pancreatic cancer and metastasis","volume":"172","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis Exp JoVE"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2024.12.003","article-title":"Organoids, tissue slices and organotypic cultures: advancing our understanding of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through in vitro and ex vivo models","volume":"109","author":"Aksoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-021-00168-1","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids as a predictive biomarker for treatment response in cancer patients","volume-title":"Npj Precis Oncol","author":"Wensink","year":"2021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001411","article-title":"Intestinal organoids: new frontiers in the study of intestinal disease and physiology","volume":"64","author":"Wallach","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.10.010","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids predict chemoradiation responses of locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2019-0027","article-title":"Intestinal organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"3","author":"Tsuruta","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMA J"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.03.022","article-title":"Commitment and oncogene-induced plasticity of human stem cell-derived pancreatic acinar and ductal organoids","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01085-1","article-title":"A microenvironment-inspired synthetic three-dimensional model for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoids","volume":"21","author":"Below","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.201328","article-title":"Human prostate organoid generation and the identification of prostate development drivers using inductive rodent tissues","volume":"150","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Camb Engl"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.08.016","article-title":"Organoid cultures derived from patients with advanced prostate cancer","volume":"159","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.010","article-title":"A living biobank of breast cancer organoids captures disease heterogeneity","volume":"172","author":"Sachs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15548-7","article-title":"Organoid cultures from normal and cancer-prone human breast tissues preserve complex epithelial lineages","volume":"11","author":"Rosenbluth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-2807","article-title":"Patient-derived triple-negative breast cancer organoids provide robust model systems that recapitulate tumor intrinsic characteristics","volume":"82","author":"Bhatia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.893592","article-title":"Establishment of organoids from human epithelioid sarcoma with the air-liquid interface organoid cultures","volume":"12","author":"Wakamatsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09684-7","article-title":"Anti-progestin therapy targets hallmarks of breast cancer risk","volume":"648","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.050","article-title":"Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett\u2019s epithelium","volume":"141","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-012-9255-3","article-title":"A detailed mammosphere assay protocol for the quantification of breast stem cell activity","volume":"17","author":"Shaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2022.1630","article-title":"Establishment of patient-derived organoids using ascitic or pleural fluid from cancer patients","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02262-4","article-title":"Adipocyte\/tumor cell crosstalk via IGF-1\/TXNIP axis promotes Malignancy and endocrine resistance in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Caruso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal CCS"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2022.10.001","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and PDO-derived xenografts (PDOXs): new opportunities in establishing faithful pre-clinical cancer models","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Cent"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw6985","article-title":"Cancer modeling meets human organoid technology","volume":"364","author":"Tuveson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.053","article-title":"Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients","volume":"161","author":"van de Wetering","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0007-6","article-title":"Organoids in cancer research","volume":"18","author":"Drost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2017.06.012","article-title":"Tumor organoids as a pre-clinical cancer model for drug discovery","volume":"24","author":"Weeber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.04.003","article-title":"A colorectal tumor organoid library demonstrates progressive loss of niche factor requirements during tumorigenesis","volume":"18","author":"Fujii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3545","article-title":"Mosaic loss of chromosome Y is associated with common variation near TCL1A","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20168","article-title":"Designer matrices for intestinal stem cell and organoid culture","volume":"539","author":"Gjorevski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1240064","article-title":"Matrix scaffolds for endometrium-derived organoid models","volume":"14","author":"De Vriendt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc21190","article-title":"Engineering the extracellular matrix for organoid culture","volume":"15","author":"Heo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stem Cells"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508734","article-title":"Rethinking Matrigel: The complex journey to matrix alternatives in organoid culture","volume":"12","author":"Wolff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s42825-023-00142-6","article-title":"Collagen-based biomaterials in organoid technology for reproductive medicine: composition, characteristics, and applications","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Collagen Leather"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20091-w","article-title":"Animal-free alternatives for Matrigel in human iPSC-derived blood vessel organoid culture","volume":"15","author":"Giles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2025.06.026","article-title":"An extracellular matrix niche secreted by epithelial cells drives intestinal organoid formation","volume":"60","author":"Chrisnandy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121020","article-title":"Extracellular matrix requirements for gastrointestinal organoid cultures","volume":"276","author":"Rezakhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.059544","article-title":"The extracellular matrix controls stem cell specification and crypt morphology in the developing and adult mouse gut","volume":"11","author":"Ramadan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology Open"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.06.002","article-title":"Synthetic hydrogels mimicking basement membrane matrices to promote cell-matrix interactions","author":"Cruz-Acu\u00f1a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matrix Biol J Int Soc Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15100492","article-title":"Recent insights into organoid-derived extracellular vesicles and their biomedical applications","volume":"15","author":"Abdal Dayem","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801621","article-title":"Growth of epithelial organoids in a defined hydrogel","volume":"30","author":"Broguiere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11078-9","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids for precision oncology: a platform to facilitate clinical decision making","volume":"23","author":"Chitrangi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00174-y","article-title":"Organoids","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primer"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302331","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids as therapy screening platforms in cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Khorsandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-025-00051-9","article-title":"Organoid: a promising solution to current challenges in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ BioMed Innov"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04025-0","article-title":"Live slow-frozen human tumor tissues viable for 2D, 3D, ex vivo cultures and single-cell RNAseq","volume":"5","author":"Restivo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay2574","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids can predict response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients","volume":"11","author":"Ooft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-4165","article-title":"Precision medicine in pancreatic cancer: Patient-derived organoid pharmacotyping is a predictive biomarker of clinical treatment response","volume":"28","author":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.05.032","article-title":"Organoids for functional precision medicine in advanced pancreatic cancer","volume":"167","author":"Boil\u00e8ve","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11156","article-title":"Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer","volume":"486","author":"Misale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.001","article-title":"Organoid models of human liver cancers derived from tumor needle biopsies","volume":"24","author":"Nuciforo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4438","article-title":"Human primary liver cancer-derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening","volume":"23","author":"Broutier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0379-4","article-title":"Establishment of patient-derived cancer organoids for drug-screening applications","volume":"15","author":"Driehuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0422-6","article-title":"An organoid platform for ovarian cancer captures intra- and interpatient heterogeneity","volume":"25","author":"Kopper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0584-2","article-title":"A rectal cancer organoid platform to study individual responses to chemoradiation","volume":"25","author":"Ganesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.036","article-title":"A patient-derived glioblastoma organoid model and biobank recapitulates inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity","volume":"180","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32120680","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids as a platform to decipher and overcome radioresistance: From the tumor microenvironment to radiosensitizer discovery","volume":"32","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.009","article-title":"Generation of tumor-reactive T cells by co-culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor organoids","volume":"174","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116595","article-title":"Organoid-based precision cancer modeling: New frontier in lung cancer research","volume":"44","author":"Terai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.04.018","article-title":"Breast cancer-on-chip for patient-specific efficacy and safety testing of CAR-T cells","volume":"31","author":"Maulana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14415","article-title":"Sequential cancer mutations in cultured human intestinal stem cells","volume":"521","author":"Drost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.021","article-title":"Organoid models of human and mouse ductal pancreatic cancer","volume":"160","author":"Boj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0399-6","article-title":"Ongoing chromosomal instability and karyotype evolution in human colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"51","author":"Bolhaqueiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.027","article-title":"A chromatin-mediated reversible drug-tolerant state in cancer cell subpopulations","volume":"141","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B86","volume-title":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today","author":"Ferlay","year":"2024"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050695","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids of colorectal cancer: A useful tool for personalized medicine","volume":"12","author":"Kiwaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304460","article-title":"Prediction of clinical precision chemotherapy by patient-derived 3D bioprinting models of colorectal cancer and its liver metastases","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0073","article-title":"Medium-throughput drug screening of patient-derived organoids from colorectal peritoneal metastases to direct personalized therapy","volume":"26","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B90","unstructured":""},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02683-4","article-title":"Precision medicine applied to metastatic colorectal cancer using tumor-derived organoids and in-vitro sensitivity testing: a phase 2, single-center, open-label, and non-comparative study","volume":"42","author":"Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res CR"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":""},{"key":"B93","unstructured":""},{"key":"B94","unstructured":""},{"key":"B95","unstructured":""},{"key":"B96","unstructured":""},{"key":"B97","unstructured":""},{"key":"B98","unstructured":""},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02676-9","article-title":"Feedback activation of EGFR\/wild-type RAS signaling axis limits KRASG12D inhibitor efficacy in KRASG12D-mutated colorectal cancer","volume":"42","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000002489","article-title":"Factors driving pancreatic cancer survival rates","volume":"54","author":"Rahib","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00261-2","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer","volume":"405","author":"Stoop","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23723556.2015.1014757","article-title":"Model organoids provide new research opportunities for ductal pancreatic cancer","volume":"3","author":"Boj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.12.032","article-title":"Successful creation of pancreatic cancer organoids by means of EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy sampling for personalized cancer treatment","volume":"87","author":"Tiriac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-024-00357-z","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer tumor organoids exhibit subtype-specific differences in metabolic profiles","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Metab"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29857-6","article-title":"Integrated profiling of human pancreatic cancer organoids reveals chromatin accessibility features associated with drug sensitivity","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03969-7","article-title":"Multi-drug pharmacotyping improves therapy prediction in pancreatic cancer organoids","volume":"25","author":"Wansch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-024-02103-0","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma for subtype determination and clinical outcome prediction","volume":"59","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4116","article-title":"Organoid sensitivity correlates with therapeutic response in patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"28","author":"Grossman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005558","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer patient-derived organoids can predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"276","author":"Demyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B110","unstructured":""},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2024.02.021","article-title":"Establishment of a patient-specific avatar organoid model derived from EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy for timely clinical application in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (with video)","volume":"100","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B112","unstructured":""},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00553","article-title":"Metabolic heterogeneity in patient tumor-derived organoids by primary site and drug treatment","volume":"10","author":"Sharick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B114","unstructured":""},{"key":"B115","unstructured":""},{"key":"B116","unstructured":""},{"key":"B117","unstructured":""},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2025.07.008","article-title":"A pancreatic cancer organoid biobank links multi-omics signatures to therapeutic response and clinical evaluation of statin combination therapy","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B119","article-title":"Organoid pharmacotyping of pancreatic cancer enables functional precision oncology and drug repurposing","volume-title":"Cancer Biology","author":"Dong","year":"2025"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0111-2","article-title":"Breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Harbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2024.103756","article-title":"6th and 7th International consensus guidelines for the management of advanced breast cancer (ABC guidelines 6 and 7)","volume":"76","author":"Cardoso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-024-2888-8","article-title":"Endocrine cancer organoids in basic and translational medical research","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00337-6","article-title":"A human breast cancer-derived xenograft and organoid platform for drug discovery and precision oncology","volume":"3","author":"Guillen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adp5088","article-title":"Dual PI3K\/mTOR inhibition is required to combat resistance to CDK4\/6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy in PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Alves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02665-z","article-title":"Neratinib could be effective as monotherapy or in combination with trastuzumab in HER2-low breast cancer cells and organoid models","volume":"130","author":"Arshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-016-9361-8","article-title":"Patient-derived mammosphere and xenograft tumour initiation correlates with progression to metastasis","volume":"21","author":"Eyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132839","article-title":"CEBP-\u03b2 and PLK1 as potential mediators of the breast cancer\/obesity crosstalk: In vitro and in silico analyses","volume":"15","author":"Accattatis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01918-x","article-title":"Evidence that CRISPR-Cas9 Y537S-mutant expressing breast cancer cells activate Yes-associated protein 1 to driving the conversion of normal fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"22","author":"Gelsomino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal CCS"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.06.020","article-title":"Increased expression of interleukin-1 receptor characterizes anti-estrogen-resistant ALDH+ breast cancer stem cells","volume":"15","author":"Sarmiento-Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.08.050","article-title":"Anti-estrogen resistance in human breast tumors is driven by JAG1-NOTCH4-dependent cancer stem cell activity","volume":"12","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48286\/aro.2026.123","article-title":"Targeting progesterone signaling for breast cancer prevention","volume":"6","author":"Caruso","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Res Oncol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-024-01931-5","article-title":"Patient-derived response estimates from zero-passage organoids of luminal breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Przanowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res BCR"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34945","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of tumor organoid-guided cancer therapy for locally advanced unresectable or metastatic breast cancer","volume":"155","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B135","unstructured":""},{"key":"B136","unstructured":""},{"key":"B137","unstructured":""},{"key":"B138","unstructured":""},{"key":"B139","unstructured":""},{"key":"B140","unstructured":""},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1630761","article-title":"Patient-derived organoid-guided precision therapy for a very young woman with multidrug-resistant metastatic breast cancer: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5698","article-title":"Prostate cancer patient-derived organoids: detailed outcome from a prospective cohort of 81 clinical specimens","volume":"254","author":"Servant","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116352","article-title":"Single-cell analysis uncovers preserved prostate cancer lineages and universally altered pathways in Matrigel-free patient-derived organoids","volume":"44","author":"Dolgos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0409","article-title":"A PDX\/organoid biobank of advanced prostate cancers captures genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity for disease modeling and therapeutic screening","volume":"24","author":"Beshiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-2402","article-title":"A three-dimensional organoid culture system derived from human glioblastomas recapitulates the hypoxic gradients and cancer stem cell heterogeneity of tumors found in vivo","volume":"76","author":"Hubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.024","article-title":"An integrative model of cellular states, plasticity, and genetics for glioblastoma","volume":"178","author":"Neftel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02402-y","article-title":"Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening predicts response to temozolomide in glioblastoma patients and identifies candidate biomarkers","volume":"129","author":"Ntafoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3884","article-title":"Targeting B cell receptor signaling with ibrutinib in diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.4320","article-title":"Phase I first-in-human study of venetoclax in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Davids","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011795","article-title":"CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma","volume":"346","author":"Coiffier","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv304","article-title":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Tilly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178662","article-title":"Sequencing anti-CD19 therapies in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: From mechanistic insights to clinical strategies","volume":"26","author":"Laddaga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2152265025042466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2025.10.009","article-title":"Breast cancer risk after chest radiotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma survivors: A comprehensive overview","volume":"26","author":"Caruso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6lc01204c","article-title":"3D microvascular model recapitulates the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tumor microenvironment in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Mannino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003949","article-title":"A novel 3D culture model recapitulates primary FL B-cell features and promotes their survival","volume":"5","author":"Lamaison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-025-00054-6","article-title":"From organoid culture to manufacturing: Technologies for reproducible and scalable organoid production","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ BioMed Innov"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1733668","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids: Advances, applications, and future directions in biomedical research","volume":"12","author":"Acar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1290504","article-title":"Toward reproducible tumor organoid culture: Focusing on primary liver cancer","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07329-5","article-title":"Development and validation of the normalized organoid growth rate (NOGR) metric in brightfield imaging-based assays","volume":"7","author":"Deben","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-026-00067-9","article-title":"Accelerating personalized medicine: Miniaturized patient-derived organoid drug screening for predicting cancer treatment responses and beyond","volume":"3","author":"Abouleila","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ BioMed Innov"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3853","article-title":"Growth rate inhibition metrics correct for confounders in measuring sensitivity to cancer drugs","volume":"13","author":"Hafner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-02980-6","article-title":"Organoids as a biomarker for personalized treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: Drug screen optimization and correlation with patient response","volume":"43","author":"Smabers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res CR"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slasd.2024.100182","article-title":"Development of an automated 3D high content cell screening platform for organoid phenotyping","volume":"29","author":"Bozal","year":"2024","journal-title":"SLAS Discov Adv Life Sci R D"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510062","article-title":"Master protocols to study multiple therapies, multiple diseases, or both","volume":"377","author":"Woodcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1954","article-title":"FDA perspective on companion diagnostics: An evolving paradigm","volume":"20","author":"Mansfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-022-00422-z","article-title":"Changes in companion diagnostic labelling: Implementation of FDA\u2019s April 2020 guidance for industry for in vitro CDx labeling for specific oncology therapeutic groups","volume":"56","author":"Cooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Innov Regul Sci"},{"key":"B167","unstructured":""},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.01.005","article-title":"Defining a core data set for the economic evaluation of precision oncology","volume":"25","author":"Pollard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health J Int Soc Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24384","article-title":"Precision oncology in advanced cancer patients improves overall survival with lower weekly healthcare costs","volume":"9","author":"Haslem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S191382","article-title":"The impact of increased post-progression survival on the cost-effectiveness of interventions in oncology","volume":"11","author":"Retzler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Outcomes Res CEOR"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45710-4","article-title":"A microfluidic platform integrating functional vascularized organoids-on-chip","volume":"15","author":"Quintard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48864-3","article-title":"Roadblocks confronting widespread dissemination and deployment of organs on chips","volume":"15","author":"Alver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401843","article-title":"Organoids\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip for personalized precision medicine","volume":"13","author":"Man","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05531-5","article-title":"A fully 3D-printed versatile tumor-on-a-chip allows multi-drug screening and correlation with clinical outcomes for personalized medicine","volume":"6","author":"Steinberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02526-y","article-title":"Tumour-on-chip microfluidic platform for assessment of drug pharmacokinetics and treatment response","volume":"4","author":"Petreus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.25.678315","article-title":"3D printing and bioprinting for miniaturized and scalable hanging-drop organoids culture","volume-title":"Bioengineering","author":"Bianchi","year":"2025"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.28.630600","article-title":"A high-throughput 3D culture microfluidic platform for multi-parameter phenotypic and omics profiling of patient-derived organoids","volume-title":"Cancer Biology","author":"Botrugno","year":"2024"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2025.100187","article-title":"Microphysiological systems as an emerging in vitro approach for the evaluation of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Shrimali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dev156125","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.156125","article-title":"Developmentally inspired human \u201corgans on chips","volume":"145","author":"Ingber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03139-9","article-title":"Over-expression of TaDWF4 increases wheat productivity under low and sufficient nitrogen through enhanced carbon assimilation","volume":"5","author":"Milner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188302","article-title":"Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip","volume":"328","author":"Huh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303088","article-title":"Microfluidic organoid cultures derived from pancreatic cancer biopsies for personalized testing of chemotherapy and immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135409","article-title":"A tumor on a chip for studying immune-cell infiltration into tumor under chemo\/immunotherapy treatments","volume":"406","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc2331","article-title":"Microfluidic tumor-on-a-chip model to evaluate the role of tumor environmental stress on NK cell exhaustion","volume":"7","author":"Ayuso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5lc00392j","article-title":"A four-organ-chip for interconnected long-term co-culture of human intestine, liver, skin and kidney equivalents","volume":"15","author":"Maschmeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080621","article-title":"Opportunities for microphysiological systems in toxicity testing of new drug modalities","volume":"65","author":"Maulana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LC01011F","article-title":"Advances of dual-organ and multi-organ systems for gut, lung, skin and liver models in absorption and metabolism studies","volume":"25","author":"Brandauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-00933-3","article-title":"An eighteen-organ microphysiological system coupling a vascular network and excretion system for drug discovery","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsyst Nanoeng"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-01082-6","article-title":"PharmaFormer predicts clinical drug responses through transfer learning guided by patient derived organoid","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30722-9","article-title":"The drug-induced phenotypic landscape of colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"13","author":"Betge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.771173","article-title":"Imaging-based machine learning analysis of patient-derived tumor organoid drug response","volume":"11","author":"Spiller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2023.100276","article-title":"Organoid intelligence: Integration of organoid technology and artificial intelligence in the new era of in vitro models","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2024"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.08.010","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids in precision cancer medicine","volume":"5","author":"Tong","year":""},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010584","article-title":"OrganoID: A versatile deep learning platform for tracking and analysis of single-organoid dynamics","volume":"18","author":"Matthews","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73725-w","article-title":"A deep-learning model for characterizing tumor heterogeneity using patient-derived organoids","volume":"14","author":"Takagi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19313-8","article-title":"Network-based machine learning in colorectal and bladder organoid models predicts anti-cancer drug efficacy in patients","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-25-1564","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids predict treatment response in metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"31","author":"Smabers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt1851","article-title":"Machine learning-assisted exploration of multidrug-drug administration regimens for organoid arrays","volume":"11","author":"Yakavets","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55287-7","article-title":"A bayesian active learning platform for scalable combination drug screens","volume":"16","author":"Tosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.101198","article-title":"Establishment of patient-derived tumor organoids to functionally inform treatment decisions in metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Martini","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12701","article-title":"Organoid\u2010based precision medicine in pancreatic cancer","volume":"13","author":"Beutel","year":"2025","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01402-3","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for digital twins in precision medicine from a complex systems perspective","volume":"8","author":"De Domenico","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4389","article-title":"Functional precision cancer medicine-moving beyond pure genomics","volume":"23","author":"Letai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1607705","article-title":"Limits to personalized cancer medicine","volume":"375","author":"Tannock","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1872361\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:46:24Z","timestamp":1784695584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1872361\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":204,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1872361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1872361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"article-number":"1872361"}}