{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:18:14Z","timestamp":1787894294717,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive maternal body fat (BF) accumulation promotes low-grade inflammation, altering milk adipokine and immunoglobulin profiles and potentially contributing to intergenerational immunometabolic programming of offspring. This observational study focused on mothers with higher BF and evaluated associations between adipokines and immune components in mature milk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 5 months of lactation (N\u00a0=\u00a059), concentrations of lactoferrin (LF), immunoglobulins (S-IgA, IgG, IgM), CRP, adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin), and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR) were quantified in milk samples using an immunoenzymatic assay. ANCOVA models assessed associations between maternal BF categories (high vs normal) and milk adipokines and immunological components.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mature milk from mothers with higher BF showed significantly higher concentrations of CRP (8.00 vs 3.44 \u03bcg\/L), leptin (0.41 vs 0.14 \u03bcg\/L), LAR (0.13 vs 0.05), and IgM (2.78 vs 1.59 mg\/L) than the normal BF group. ANCOVA models revealed positive associations between milk leptin and LF (\u03b2=0.51,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.022) and S-IgA (\u03b2=0.47,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.014), as well as LAR and LF (\u03b2=0.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.032). No significant differences in adiponectin, ghrelin, LF, S-IgA, or IgG concentrations were observed between the analyzed groups. Elevated maternal BF is associated with higher levels of breast milk inflammatory markers (CRP, leptin), LAR, and IgM, suggesting metabolically induced inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptin-immunoactive component associations (S-IgA, LF) offer novel insights into milk bioactivity. These findings highlight the role of metabolic-immunological milk components in shaping health trajectories for infants of mothers with elevated BF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1873967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:31:47Z","timestamp":1787891507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adiposity-dependent adipokine-immunoglobulin interplay in mature breast milk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Lis-Kuberka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Humaj-Grysztar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Apanasewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Matyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences","place":["Krakow, Poland"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ziomkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Orczyk-Pawi\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e070121","DOI":"10.7363\/070121","article-title":"How do characteristics of donors and their children influence volume and composition of banked milk","volume":"7","author":"Quitadamo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neonatal Individualized Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061857","article-title":"Maternal distress and social support are linked to human milk immune properties","volume":"13","author":"Ziomkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50124-1","article-title":"Factors affecting total protein and lactoferrin in human milk","volume":"13","author":"Kulesza-Bro\u0144czyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1252815","article-title":"Breast milk immune composition varies during the transition stage of lactation: characterization of immunotypes in the MAMI cohort","volume":"10","author":"Rio-Aige","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111840","article-title":"Lactoferrin and SIgA concentrations in human milk of SARS-CoV\u2013infected mothers\u2014Polish cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Mo\u0142as","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010040","article-title":"Evaluation of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines in colostrum from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"26","author":"Lis-Kuberka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073853","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and colostral appetite-regulating adipokines","volume":"25","author":"Lis-Kuberka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1315660","article-title":"Content fat and calorie of human milk is affected by interactions between maternal age and body mass index","volume":"31","author":"Hahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063308","article-title":"Maternal factors affecting the macronutrient composition of transitional human milk","volume":"19","author":"Ryoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010062","article-title":"Maternal lifestyle factors affecting breast milk composition and infant health: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Favara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162644","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in preterm milk: a step toward the individualized fortification of mother\u2019s own milk","volume":"17","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2741","article-title":"Determination of macronutrient profile and energy composition in human milk via mid-infrared spectrometer analysis: an experimental study","volume":"49","author":"Lithoxopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn: expert consult - online and print","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn: Expert Consult - Online and Print","author":"Remington","year":"2010"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.3.637","article-title":"Changes in carbohydrate composition in human milk over 4 months of lactation","volume":"91","author":"Coppa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn2002579","article-title":"Variation in fat, lactose and protein in human milk over 24h and throughout the first year of lactation","volume":"88","author":"Mitoulas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.6.1537S","article-title":"Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins","volume":"77","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-216","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the nutrient content of preterm and term breast milk","volume":"14","author":"Gidrewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy022","article-title":"Overview of nutrients in human milk","volume":"9","author":"Dror","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081834","article-title":"The functional power of the human milk proteome","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.867507","article-title":"Breast milk and the importance of chrononutrition","volume":"9","author":"Caba-Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(03)00338-4","article-title":"Mucosal immunity: integration between mother and the breast-fed infant","volume":"21","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00428","article-title":"Changes in human milk immunoglobulin profile during prolonged lactation","volume":"8","author":"Czosnykowska-\u0141ukacka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061810","article-title":"The breast milk immunoglobulinome","volume":"13","author":"Rio-Aige","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0124","article-title":"Effects of holder pasteurization on immune composition of human milk","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breastfeeding Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.34763\/jmotherandchild.20202403.2032.d-20-00001","article-title":"Immunoglobulins content in colostrum, transitional and mature milk of Bangladeshi mothers: influence of parity and sociodemographic characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Akhter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mother Child"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/b:biom.0000027706.51112.62","article-title":"Neonatal small bowel epithelia: enhancing anti-bacterial defense with lactoferrin and Lactobacillus GG","volume":"17","author":"Sherman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.604080","article-title":"Role of human milk bioactives on infants\u2019 gut and immune health","volume":"12","author":"Carr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2016-0066","article-title":"Lactoferrin and prematurity: a promising milk protein","volume":"95","author":"Ochoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1018336","article-title":"Lactoferrin: a glycoprotein that plays an active role in human health","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081174","article-title":"The multifaceted functions of lactoferrin in antimicrobial defense and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2023.0215","article-title":"The concentration of lactoferrin in breast milk correlates with maternal body mass index and parity","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0b013e3181567ed4","article-title":"Adipokines in human milk and risk of overweight in early childhood: a prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Weyermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.02.001","article-title":"Adipokines in human breast milk","volume":"32","author":"Kratzsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081125","article-title":"Human milk adiponectin and leptin and infant body composition over the first 12 months of lactation","volume":"10","author":"Gridneva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1997","article-title":"Bioactive peptides in preterm human milk: impact of maternal characteristics and their association to neonatal outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Balcells-Esponera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41390-025-03984-4","article-title":"Associations of human milk leptin with maternal obesity and early infant weight trajectories","volume":"99","author":"Hua","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010778","article-title":"Impact of maternal BMI and sampling strategy on the concentration of leptin, insulin, ghrelin and resistin in breast milk across a single feed: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Andreas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17717","article-title":"Breast milk leptin concentrations and infant anthropometric indicators in SGA versus non-SGA breastfed infants born at term","volume":"9","author":"Brunetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.11.014","article-title":"Human breast milk and adipokines - a potential role for the soluble leptin receptor (sOb-R) in the regulation of infant energy intake and development","volume":"86","author":"Zepf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/tjb-2020-0178","article-title":"Association between breast milk adipokines with growth in breast feeding infants, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Soori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Biochem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314982","article-title":"The role of adipokines in inflammatory mechanisms of obesity","volume":"23","author":"Kirichenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1074-z","article-title":"Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex","volume":"46","author":"Cnop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.167","article-title":"Adipokines and body fat composition in South Asians: results of the Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.04.008","article-title":"Adiposity distribution influences circulating adiponectin levels","volume":"164","author":"Guenther","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2765","article-title":"Adiponectin levels differentiate metabolically healthy vs unhealthy among obese and nonobese white individuals","volume":"100","author":"Ahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.02017.x","article-title":"Hormone interactions regulating energy balance during pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Ladyman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3855-6","article-title":"Accuracy of circulating adiponectin for predicting gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Iliodromiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.611929","article-title":"Nutrition and metabolic adaptations in physiological and complicated pregnancy: focus on obesity and gestational diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Parrettini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines5030028","article-title":"Adiponectin and leptin during pregnancy: a systematic review of their association with pregnancy disorders, fetal growth and placental function","volume":"5","author":"Downs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199757","article-title":"Impact of maternal overweight and obesity on adipokines during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"26","author":"Fro\u0144","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.165558","article-title":"Adipokines underlie the early origins of obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities in the offspring of women with pregestational obesity","volume":"1866","author":"Arroyo-Jousse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103570","article-title":"Adipokines and obesity. Potential link to metabolic disorders and chronic complications","volume":"21","author":"Zorena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/enm.2020.831","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of high molecular weight adiponectin are associated with postpartum development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116279","article-title":"New insights into adipokines in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Valencia-Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2008.12.013","article-title":"The association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and adiponectin levels among healthy adults: the ATTICA study","volume":"21","author":"Fragopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00837.2009","article-title":"Dietary methionine restriction enhances metabolic flexibility and increases uncoupled respiration in both fed and fasted states","volume":"299","author":"Hasek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-800101-1.00011-9","article-title":"The impact of dietary methionine restriction on biomarkers of metabolic health","volume":"121","author":"Orgeron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01366","article-title":"Effect of Mediterranean diet enriched in high quality extra virgin olive oil on oxidative stress, inflammation and gut microbiota in obese and normal weight adult subjects","volume":"10","author":"Luisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0706-9","article-title":"Ethnic variations in adiponectin levels and its association with age, gender, body composition and diet: Differences between Iranians, Indians and Europeans living in Australia","volume":"20","author":"Meshkini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000492116","article-title":"High dietary \u03c9-6:\u03c9-3 PUFA ratio is positively associated with excessive adiposity and waist circumference","volume":"11","author":"Torres-Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.03.019","article-title":"Saturated fatty acid intake decreases serum adiponectin levels in subjects with type 1 diabetes","volume":"116","author":"Eccel Prates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051394","article-title":"The influence of nutrition on adiponectin-a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Janiszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0196","article-title":"Are breast milk adipokines affected by maternal dietary factors","volume":"31","author":"Kocaadam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1090499","article-title":"Association of maternal body composition and diet on breast milk hormones and neonatal growth during the first month of lactation","volume":"14","author":"Ramiro-Cortijo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051722","article-title":"Dietary patterns of breastfeeding mothers and human milk composition: Data from the Italian MEDIDIET study","volume":"13","author":"Bravi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e31823214ea","article-title":"Leptin in maternal serum and breast milk: association with infants\u2019 body weight gain in a longitudinal study over 6 months of lactation","volume":"70","author":"Schuster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.071019","article-title":"Adiponectin and leptin in maternal serum, cord blood, and breast milk","volume":"52","author":"Weyermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2014.222.x","article-title":"Breast milk leptin and adiponectin in relation to infant body composition up to 2 years","volume":"10","author":"Brunner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12192","article-title":"The relationship between breast milk leptin and adiponectin with child body composition from 3 to 5 years: a follow-up study","volume":"12","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2fo02060b","article-title":"Distinct breast milk microbiota, cytokine, and adipokine profiles are associated with infant growth at 12 months: an in vitro host-microbe interaction mechanistic approach","volume":"14","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Mac\u00edas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1765","article-title":"Adiponectin deficit during the precarious glucose economy of early lactation in dairy cows","volume":"153","author":"Giesy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1777","article-title":"Triennial lactation symposium\/bolfa: Adipokines affect mammary growth and function in farm animals","volume":"95","author":"Palin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2010.00805.x","article-title":"Gene expression and hormonal regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in bovine mammary gland and mammary epithelial cells","volume":"82","author":"Ohtani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim Sci J"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2016.01.001","article-title":"New adipokines","volume":"77","author":"F\u00e8ve","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02369","article-title":"Influence of leptin and adiponectin supplementation on intraepithelial lymphocyte and microbiota composition in suckling rats","volume":"10","author":"Grases-Pint\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22278","article-title":"Associations of maternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy with inflammatory markers in breast milk","volume":"26","author":"Whitaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1290690","article-title":"Associations of maternal inflammatory states with human milk composition in mothers of preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Landau-Crangle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2006.1.127","article-title":"Severity of mastitis symptoms as a predictor of C-reactive protein in milk and blood during lactation","volume":"1","author":"Fetherston","year":"2006","journal-title":"https:\/\/homeliebertpubcom\/bfm"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2022.29207.kbm","article-title":"Academy of breastfeeding medicine clinical protocol #36: the mastitis spectrum, revised 2022","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breastfeeding Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081825","article-title":"Revisiting the immunometabolic basis for the metabolic syndrome from an immunonutritional view","volume":"12","author":"Apaza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1436894","article-title":"Editorial: Immunometabolism: bridging the gap between immunology and nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Basso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newbor\n          \n          \n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151380","article-title":"Human milk composition promotes optimal infant growth, development and health","volume":"45","author":"Perrella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Food Compoition Tables","author":"Kunachowicz","year":"2017"},{"key":"B86","article-title":"Ocena sposobu \u017cywienia mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w domu pomocy spo\u0142ecznej na terenie wojew\u00f3dztwa dolno\u015bl\u0105skiego","volume-title":"Nauki In\u017cynierskie I Technologie","author":"Orkusz","year":"2016"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15193\/ZNTJ\/2018\/115\/239","article-title":"Ocena warto\u015bci od\u017cywczej przedszkolnych racji pokarmowych na podstawie jad\u0142ospis\u00f3w z okresu zimowego","volume":"25","author":"Libera","year":"2018","journal-title":"\u017bywno\u015b\u0107-Nauka Technologia Jako\u015b\u0107"},{"key":"B88","unstructured":"Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206260","article-title":"Impact of waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios on physical performance: insights from the Longevity Check-up 8+ project","volume":"17","author":"Martone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.1986.tb09217.x","article-title":"Energy concentration of human milk estimated from 24\u2010h pools and various abbreviated sampling schemes","volume":"5","author":"Garza","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr - JPGN"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.2.439","article-title":"Validation of single daytime samples of human milk to estimate the 24-h concentration of lipids in urban Guatemalan mothers","volume":"65","author":"Ruel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-023-00599-5","article-title":"The relationship between creamatocrit and cumulative percentage of total milk volume: a cross-sectional study in mothers of very preterm infants in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"18","author":"Bowornkitiwong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334412470213","article-title":"Investigation of short-term variations in term breast milk composition during repeated breast expression sessions","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00323","article-title":"New achievements in high-pressure processing to preserve human milk bioactivity","volume":"6","author":"Wesolowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030818","article-title":"Lactoferrin and immunoglobulin concentrations in milk of gestational diabetic mothers","volume":"13","author":"Lis-Kuberka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.02.006","article-title":"Occurrence of fibronectin\u2013fibrin complexes in plasma of patients with multimorbidity due to the inflamm-aging phenomenon","volume":"77","author":"Pupek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B97","article-title":"Leptin-to-adiponectin ratio is related to low grade inflammation and insulin resistance independent of obesity in non-diabetic Taiwanese: a cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6481658","article-title":"A randomised, controlled study of different glycaemic targets during gestational diabetes treatment: Effect on the level of adipokines in cord blood and ANGPTL4 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"2018","author":"Popova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae341","article-title":"Defining overweight and obesity by percent body fat instead of body mass index","volume":"110","author":"Potter","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac220","article-title":"Fatty acid transfer from blood to milk is disrupted in mothers with low milk production, obesity, and inflammation","volume":"152","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1223753","article-title":"Maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers and associations with birth and breastfeeding outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23245","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation during gestation and birth outcomes: Inflammatory cytokine balance predicts birth weight and length","volume":"31","author":"Ragsdale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.06.004","article-title":"Biochemical, molecular, and genetic mechanisms in nutrition maternal diet quality and BMI as predictors of human milk C-reactive protein concentrations","volume":"155","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078232","article-title":"Breastmilk cell and fat contents respond similarly to removal of breastmilk by the infant","volume":"8","author":"Hassiotou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2002034","article-title":"Mammary leptin synthesis, milk leptin and their putative physiological roles","volume":"42","author":"Bonnet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030252","article-title":"Associations between maternal body composition and appetite hormones and macronutrients in human milk","volume":"9","author":"Kugananthan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2290","article-title":"Maternal pregravid weight is the primary determinant of serum leptin and its metabolic associations in pregnancy, irrespective of gestational glucose tolerance status","volume":"97","author":"Maple-Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.29805","article-title":"Relationship of circulating adipokines to body composition in pregnant women","volume":"4","author":"Ozias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/gp.a2018.0076","article-title":"Adipokines and C-peptide in overweight and obese pregnant women","volume":"89","author":"Poniedzia\u0142ek-Czajkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12182","article-title":"Associations between human breast milk hormones and adipocytokines and infant growth and body composition in the first 6 months of life","author":"Fields","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112589","article-title":"Breast milk supply of microRNA associated with leptin and adiponectin is affected by maternal overweight\/obesity and influences infancy BMI","volume":"11","author":"Zamanillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14040221","article-title":"The effect of maternal overweight\/obesity on serum and breastmilk leptin, and its associations with body composition, cardiometabolic health indices, and maternal diet: The BLOOM study","volume":"14","author":"Zielinska-Pukos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.189","article-title":"Adiponectin, leptin and insulin in breast milk: associations with maternal characteristics and infant body composition in the first year of life","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020454","article-title":"Adiponectin-leptin ratio is a functional biomarker of adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Fr\u00fchbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114521002932","article-title":"The association of pre-pregnancy BMI on leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in breast milk: a case-control study","volume":"127","author":"Guler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15574\/HW.2019.143.46","article-title":"Features of lactation in puerperal women with obesity","volume":"7","author":"Dyndar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health WOMAN"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.116.307166","article-title":"Protective role for B-1b B cells and IgM in obesity-associated inflammation, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance","volume":"36","author":"Harmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00719","article-title":"Perivascular adipose tissue harbors atheroprotective IgM-producing B cells","volume":"8","author":"Srikakulapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy186","article-title":"The profile of human milk metabolome, cytokines, and antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases versus healthy mothers, and potential impact on the newborn","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536x.2012.00551.x","article-title":"Physical health and recovery in the first 18 months postpartum: Does cesarean section reduce long-term morbidity","volume":"39","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114676","article-title":"Assessment of recovery after childbirth; a cross-sectional study","volume":"314","author":"Frijmersum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Obstetrics Gynecology Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14990","article-title":"Pelvic floor-related sexual functioning in the first 24 months postpartum: Findings of a large cross-sectional study","volume":"104","author":"Hagenbeck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.622468","article-title":"The role of the adipokine leptin in immune cell function in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Kiernan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00640","article-title":"Obesity, fat mass and immune system: Role for leptin","volume":"9","author":"Francisco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.90","article-title":"Development of immune and microbial environments is independently regulated in the mammary gland","volume":"11","author":"Niimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191593","article-title":"The pleiotropic roles of leptin in metabolism, immunity, and cancer","volume":"218","author":"de Candia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114517003786","article-title":"Leptin and adiponectin supplementation modifies mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte composition and functionality in suckling rats","volume":"119","author":"Grases-Pint\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091976","article-title":"No difference in lactoferrin levels between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese women","volume":"11","author":"Jamka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109760","article-title":"Human milk lactoferrin and lysozyme concentrations vary in response to a dietary intervention","volume":"135","author":"Sindi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061284","article-title":"The function and alteration of immunological properties in human milk of obese mothers","volume":"11","author":"Erliana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030387","article-title":"The impact of maternal chronic inflammatory conditions on breast milk composition: Possible influence on offspring metabolic programming","volume":"17","author":"Arenas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0378-5","article-title":"Breast milk fatty acid composition differs between overweight and normal weight women: the STEPS study","volume":"52","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz229","article-title":"Human milk fatty acid composition is associated with dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, and environmental factors in the CHILD Cohort Study","volume":"110","author":"Miliku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092154","article-title":"The effect of maternal obesity on breast milk fatty acids and its association with infant growth and cognition\u2014the PREOBE follow-up","volume":"11","author":"de la Garza Puentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.52547\/nfsr.8.2.19","article-title":"Comparisons of breast milk fatty acid profiles in overweight and obese women","volume":"8","author":"Karbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Food Health Dis"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114523002775","article-title":"Evaluating the relationship between the nutrient intake of lactating women and their breast milk nutritional profile: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"131","author":"Falize","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.07.002","article-title":"Systematic review of saturated fatty acids on inflammation and circulating levels of adipokines","volume":"33","author":"Santos","year":"2013"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.10.008","article-title":"Long-chain saturated fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory responses and impact endothelial cell growth","volume":"29","author":"Harvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511x-11-175","article-title":"Fatty acids do not pay the toll: effect of SFA and PUFA on human adipose tissue and mature adipocytes inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Murumalla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00696","article-title":"What\u2019s normal? Immune profiling of human milk from healthy women living in different geographical and socioeconomic settings","volume":"8","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100053","article-title":"The association of maternal obesity and race with serum adipokines in pregnancy and postpartum: Implications for gestational weight gain and infant birth weight","volume":"3","author":"Jara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081344","article-title":"Maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain influence endocannabinoid levels in human milk across breastfeeding: Potential implications for offspring development","volume":"17","author":"Pontes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18150\/6WKIZ1","article-title":"Maternal adiposity and bioactive components of mature human milk","author":"Apanasewicz","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1873967\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:32:01Z","timestamp":1787891521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1873967\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":143,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1873967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1873967","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1873967"}}