{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:38:18Z","timestamp":1792165098531,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperphagia and early-onset obesity from hypothalamic dysfunction with endocrinopathies and learning disability. Management is challenging with strict control of the food environment needed. While newer glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide, have efficacy in non-PWS obesity, there have been limited case reports in PWS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective\/design\/setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective, observational cohort of 12 adults with PWS and overweight\/obesity treated with semaglutide at a UK academic hospital centre specialist clinic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean \u00b1 SD age 28.3 \u00b1 10.1 years, 83% female, BMI 46.6 \u00b1 8.2kg\/m\u00b2, 75% type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median follow-up 17.2 months (range 8.7-36.1) with median semaglutide dose 2.4mg once weekly (1.0-2.4).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no significant overall weight loss on semaglutide, but there was stabilisation of the weight gain prior to treatment over previous 12.4 months (7.6-23.0): post -3.1 \u00b1 9.9% vs. pre +5.7 \u00b1 5.6%: d -0.72, P\u00a0=\u00a00.037. There was a significant decrease in hyperphagia on semaglutide from Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (n=11, -7.3 \u00b1 6.1 (max 36), d -1.19, P\u00a0=\u00a00.003), having been stable before treatment. HbA1c improved in those with elevated baseline levels (n=6, -4.2 \u00b1 4.9%, d -0.74, P\u00a0=\u00a00.13). Mild gastrointestinal side effects were seen in 25% but did not lead to discontinuation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this small open-label, observational cohort of adults with PWS, semaglutide produced weight maintenance though not weight loss, but appeared to reduce hyperphagia, and improved glycaemic control, with good tolerability. Larger placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings in adults and adolescents with PWS, especially in those without T2DM, where efficacy may be greater.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1881392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1788412423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for obesity and hyperphagia in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shahd","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Goldstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0649","article-title":"Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Goldstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199398911.003.0016","article-title":"Nutritional phases in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"155","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3474-4_88","article-title":"Prader-Willi syndrome and early-onset morbid obesity NIH rare disease consortium: A review of natural history study","volume":"176","author":"Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2017.92","article-title":"Survival trends from the Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA) 40-year mortality survey","volume":"20","author":"Manzardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2021.104379","article-title":"The consequences of hyperphagia in people with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A systematic review of studies of morbidity and mortality","volume":"65","author":"Bellis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-24-0091","article-title":"Prader-Willi syndrome: guidance for children and transition into adulthood","volume":"13","author":"Shaikh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Prader-willi syndrome","volume-title":"Gene Reviews","author":"Driscoll","year":"2026"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2003.11.003","article-title":"Prader-Willi syndrome: advances in genetics, pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Goldstone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases3040382","article-title":"Puzzle pieces: neural structure and function in prader-willi syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Manning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101664","article-title":"Increased brain age in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Azor","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(21)00002-4","article-title":"Endocrine disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome: a model to understand and treat hypothalamic dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Tauber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-820683-6.00027-0","article-title":"Transcriptomics of the Prader-Willi syndrome hypothalamus","volume":"181","author":"Bochukova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac229","article-title":"In vivo neuroimaging evidence of hypothalamic alteration in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3474-4_88","article-title":"The transition between the phenotypes of Prader-Willi syndrome during infancy and early childhood","volume":"52","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.006","article-title":"A review of psychiatric conceptions of mental and behavioural disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Whittington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-021-09373-2","article-title":"Behavioral features in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS): consensus paper from the International PWS Clinical Trial Consortium","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1265","article-title":"Assessment of hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Dykens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15738","article-title":"Prader-Willi Syndrome in children: Quality of life and caregiver burden","volume":"110","author":"Meade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.897138","article-title":"Family matters: trauma and quality of life in family members of individuals with prader-willi syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Bos-Roubos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.652","article-title":"Health state utilities associated with hyperphagia: Data for use in cost-utility models","volume":"9","author":"Howell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Sci Pract"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2012.01634.x","article-title":"The impact of Prader-Willi syndrome on the family's quality of life and caregiving, and the unaffected siblings' psychosocial adjustment","volume":"57","author":"Mazaheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2007.01200.x","article-title":"Quality of life assessment in a sample of patients affected by Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Caliandro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194655","article-title":"High levels of caregiver burden in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Kayadjanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714001755","article-title":"Ageing in people with Prader-Willi syndrome: mortality in the UK population cohort and morbidity in an older sample of adults","volume":"45","author":"Whittington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2016.178","article-title":"Causes of death in Prader-Willi syndrome: Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA) 40-year mortality survey","volume":"19","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396315666190716120925","article-title":"Prader-willi syndrome - clinical genetics, diagnosis and treatment approaches: an update","volume":"15","author":"Butler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2023.01.017","article-title":"Metabolic and bariatric surgery for obesity in Prader Willi syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wolfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.34171","article-title":"Physical health problems in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome","author":"Sinnema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.12.017","article-title":"Anxiety and depression symptomatology in adult siblings of individuals with different developmental disability diagnoses","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12992","article-title":"Current and emerging therapies for managing hyperphagia and obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome: A narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2026.2655969","article-title":"The pharmacological management of obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome: what does the future hold","volume":"27","author":"Grugni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199398911.003.0016","article-title":"Dietary management for adolescents with prader-willi syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.016253","article-title":"Energy metabolism profile in individuals with prader-willi syndrome and implications for clinical management: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Alsaif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112528","article-title":"Physical activity in patients with prader-willi syndrome-A systematic review of observational and interventional studies","volume":"10","author":"Bellicha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32133","article-title":"The Italian National Survey for Prader-Willi syndrome: an epidemiologic study","volume":"146","author":"Grugni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01504-7","article-title":"Variability and change over time of weight and BMI among adolescents and adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: a 6-month text-based observational study","volume":"15","author":"Vrana-Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa621","article-title":"Missed diagnoses and health problems in adults with prader-willi syndrome: recommendations for screening and treatment","volume":"105","author":"Pellikaan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13953","article-title":"Physical exercise and Prader-Willi syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-024-03035-x","article-title":"Body weight, behaviours of concern, and social contact in adults and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome in full-time care services: Findings from pooled international archival data","volume":"19","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62101","article-title":"Long-term weight control in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome living in residential hostels","volume":"185","author":"Hirsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14372","article-title":"The use of growth hormone therapy in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Frixou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17446651.2015.1007126","article-title":"Review of growth hormone therapy in adolescents and young adults with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Lucas-Herald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2013-0116","article-title":"Effects of metformin in children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome and early-onset morbid obesity: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032150","article-title":"Clinical trials in prader-willi syndrome: A review","volume":"24","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2010.09.015","article-title":"Psychiatric adverse effects of rimonobant in adults with Prader Willi syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Motaghedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13021","article-title":"Effects of MetAP2 inhibition on hyperphagia and body weight in Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"McCandless","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190849","article-title":"AZP-531, an unacylated ghrelin analog, improves food-related behavior in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Allas","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Effects of livoletide (AZP-531) on food-related behaviors in patients with prader-willi syndrome (ZEPHYR)\n          \n          \n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac105","article-title":"The efficacy, safety, and pharmacology of a ghrelin O-acyltransferase inhibitor for the treatment of prader-willi syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"A ph 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the effects of RM-493, a melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, in obese subjects with prader-willi syndrome (PWS) on safety, weight reduction, and food-related behaviors\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36653","article-title":"A double-blind randomized controlled trial of oxytocin nasal spray in Prader Willi syndrome","author":"Einfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13169","article-title":"Promising effects of oxytocin on social and food-related behaviour in young children with Prader-Willi syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial","volume":"85","author":"Kuppens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14387","article-title":"Oxytocin in young children with Prader-Willi syndrome: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigating 3 months of oxytocin","volume":"94","author":"Damen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98333","article-title":"Intranasal carbetocin reduces hyperphagia in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Dykens","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad015","article-title":"Intranasal carbetocin reduces hyperphagia, anxiousness, and distress in prader-willi syndrome: CARE-PWS phase 3 trial","volume":"108","author":"Roof","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48024-5","article-title":"Analysis of Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (HQ-CT) scores in typically developing individuals and those with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Matesevac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad014","article-title":"Diazoxide choline extended-release tablet in people with prader-willi syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-024-09536-x","article-title":"Behavioral changes in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome receiving diazoxide choline extended-release tablets compared to the PATH for PWS natural history study","volume":"16","author":"Strong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23928","article-title":"Diazoxide choline extended-release tablet in people with Prader-Willi syndrome: results from long-term open-label study","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf661","article-title":"Diazoxide choline extended-release tablets in Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, withdrawal period study","volume":"111","author":"Miller","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000304458.30294.31","article-title":"Critical analysis of bariatric procedures in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Scheimann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.380","article-title":"The influence of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects","volume":"52","author":"Kjems","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1431292","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_496","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 and its analogs on gastric physiology in diabetes mellitus and obesity","volume":"1307","author":"Maselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01460-6","article-title":"Reflections on the discovery GLP-1 as a satiety hormone: Implications for obesity therapy and future directions","volume":"78","author":"Astrup","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0003","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 medicines for type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"47","author":"Drucker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0178-y","article-title":"Role of appetite-regulating peptides in the pathophysiology of addiction: implications for pharmacotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Engel","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01113-9","article-title":"GLP-1 physiology in obesity and development of incretin-based drugs for chronic weight management","volume":"6","author":"Holst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1398059","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of semaglutide and liraglutide as a therapeutic option for obesity","volume":"11","author":"Tamayo-Trujillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.010","article-title":"Brain control of energy homeostasis: Implications for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy","volume":"188","author":"Johansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1831","article-title":"Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Wadden","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3224","article-title":"Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Rubino","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ey.20.9.17","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adolescents with obesity","volume":"387","author":"Weghuber","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02026-4","article-title":"Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial","volume":"28","author":"Garvey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(22)00008-0","article-title":"Semaglutide once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes in an east Asian population (STEP 6): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3a trial","volume":"10","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23619","article-title":"Effect of weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs daily liraglutide on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes: the STEP 8 randomized clinical trial","volume":"327","author":"Rubino","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00213-0","article-title":"Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02538-7","article-title":"A revolution in obesity treatment","volume":"29","author":"Lingvay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14255","article-title":"Effects of oral semaglutide on energy intake, food preference, appetite, control of eating and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Gibbons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23673","article-title":"Two-year effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg on control of eating in adults with overweight\/obesity: STEP 5","volume":"31","author":"Wharton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12589","article-title":"Effect of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg on weight- and health-related quality of life in an East Asian population: Patient-reported outcomes from the STEP 6 trial","volume":"13","author":"Kolotkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15620","article-title":"Effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg on physical functioning and weight- and health-related quality of life in adults with overweight or obesity: Patient-reported outcomes from the STEP 1-4 trials","volume":"26","author":"Rubino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2015.03.005","article-title":"Improvement in binge eating in non-diabetic obese individuals after 3 months of treatment with liraglutide - A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Robert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22653","article-title":"Effects of liraglutide and behavioral weight loss on food cravings, eating behaviors, and eating disorder psychopathology","volume":"27","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.009","article-title":"Dulaglutide reduces binge episodes in type 2 diabetic patients with binge eating disorder: A pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Da Porto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obpill.2023.100080","article-title":"Successful treatment of binge eating disorder with the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Richards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Pillars"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2024.100333","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists: A novel pharmacotherapy for binge eating (Binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa)? A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Aoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731513507755","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of liraglutide 3.0 mg for binge eating disorder","volume":"9","author":"Allison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Sci Pract"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.70135","article-title":"Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of binge eating - A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"White","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(24)00188-2","article-title":"Gastrointestinal effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: mechanisms, management, and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Jalleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01859-6","article-title":"Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RA in non-diabetic patients with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Ismaiel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14551","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss","volume":"24","author":"Wharton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70579","article-title":"Characterisation of real-world patients who discontinued a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist","volume":"28","author":"Van Laren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn4128","article-title":"The benefits of GLP-1 drugs beyond obesity","volume":"385","author":"Drucker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70742","article-title":"Cardiometabolic profiles of oral and subcutaneous glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor mono-agonists in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-026-01854-8","article-title":"Renal outcomes of GLP-1 receptor agonists and tirzepatide across CKD stages and metabolic phenotypes (Type 2 diabetes and\/or overweight\/obesity): A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Rico-Fontalvo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2413258","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"392","author":"Sanyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2020.25.1.52","article-title":"Successful rapid weight reduction and the use of liraglutide for morbid obesity in adolescent Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03280.x","article-title":"Liraglutide therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Cyganek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetic Med A J Br Diabetic Assoc"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej12-0074","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide suppresses ghrelin and controls diabetes in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Senda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac549","article-title":"Liraglutide for weight management in children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome and obesity","volume":"108","author":"Diene","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.81.ep254","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on glycemic control and weight loss in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Sani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endinu.2023.12.009","article-title":"Effect of semaglutide on weight loss and glycaemic control in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"71","author":"Gimenez-Palop","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1528457","article-title":"Case report: Long-term efficacy and safety of semaglutide in the treatment of syndromic obesity in Prader Willi syndrome - case series and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Koceva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1533209","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy in a young subject with Prader-Willi syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Dinoi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000537921","article-title":"Semaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 analogue, for the management of early-onset obesity due to MC4R defect: a case report","volume":"98","author":"Gokul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03913-2","article-title":"Tirzepatide leads to weight reduction in people with obesity due to MC4R deficiency","volume":"31","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf258","article-title":"Effectiveness of the dual GIP\/GLP1-agonist tirzepatide in 2 cases of Alstrom syndrome, a rare obesity syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Ferch","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf149.041","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on BMI and cardiometabolic profile in adolescents with variants in monogenic obesity-related genes","volume":"21","author":"Salama","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70282","article-title":"Recommendations for real-world evidence of efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists in Prader-Willi syndrome: Report of a workshop held by the Foundation for Prader-Willi Research and International Prader Willi Syndrome Organisation","volume":"28","author":"Finer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178","article-title":"Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV\/HCV coinfection","volume":"43","author":"Sterling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-024-09589-y","article-title":"Validation of the Food Safe Zone questionnaire for families of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Dykens","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.8222","article-title":"Heterogeneity of treatment effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for weight loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"186","author":"Alexander","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.07.005","article-title":"A review of nighttime eating disorders","volume":"13","author":"Howell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000105447","article-title":"Eating behavior and gastric emptying in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Hoybye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2010.140","article-title":"Delayed gastric emptying in patients with Prader Willi syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Arenz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-8628(19971231)73:4<437::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-s","article-title":"Acute idiopathic gastric dilatation with gastric necrosis in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Wharton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e31805b82b5","article-title":"Gastric rupture and necrosis in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Stevenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.903608","article-title":"Gastric dilatation and abdominal compartment syndrome in a child with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Blat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.2.398","article-title":"Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria","volume":"91","author":"Holm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38015","article-title":"Subclinical dysphagia in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Gross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.3.525","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 increases the period of postprandial satiety and slows gastric emptying in obese men","volume":"68","author":"Naslund","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.277.3.R910","article-title":"GLP-1 slows solid gastric emptying and inhibits insulin, glucagon, and PYY release in humans","volume":"277","author":"Naslund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801627","article-title":"The effect of physiological levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 on appetite, gastric emptying, energy and substrate metabolism in obesity","volume":"25","author":"Flint","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802418851","article-title":"Effects of exenatide versus sitagliptin on postprandial glucose, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and caloric intake: a randomized, cross-over study","volume":"24","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.162","article-title":"Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults","volume":"38","author":"van Can","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-018-3249-1","article-title":"Liraglutide effects on upper gastrointestinal investigations: implications prior to bariatric surgery","volume":"28","author":"Modi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2016.08.101","article-title":"Semaglutide improves postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delays first-hour gastric emptying in subjects with obesity","volume":"20","author":"Hjerpsted","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02549-5","article-title":"Influence of semaglutide use on the presence of residual gastric solids on gastric ultrasound: a prospective observational study in volunteers without obesity recently started on semaglutide","volume":"70","author":"Sherwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.04.011","article-title":"Prevalence and variations in gastric emptying delay in response to GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide","volume":"32","author":"Camilleri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03412-w","article-title":"Mapping the effectiveness and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists","volume":"31","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13916","article-title":"How do glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists affect measures of muscle mass in individuals with, and without, type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Anyiam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(25)00225-6","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide 7.2 mg in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes (STEP UP T2D): a randomised, controlled, phase 3b trial","volume":"13","author":"Lingvay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(25)00226-8","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide 7.2 mg in adults with obesity (STEP UP): a randomised, controlled, phase 3b trial","volume":"13","author":"Wharton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2416394","article-title":"Tirzepatide as compared with semaglutide for the treatment of obesity","volume":"393","author":"Aronne","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2301972","article-title":"Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity - a phase 2 trial","volume":"389","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2502081","article-title":"Coadministered cagrilintide and semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"393","author":"Garvey","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2502082","article-title":"Cagrilintide-semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"393","author":"Davies","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01185-7","article-title":"Amycretin, a novel, unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist administered subcutaneously: results from a phase 1b\/2a randomised controlled study","volume":"406","author":"Dahl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1881392\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:13:44Z","timestamp":1788412424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1881392\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":140,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1881392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1881392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1881392"}}