{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:49Z","timestamp":1788415969374,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n The gut microbiota\u2013enteroendocrine axis contributes to the regulation of host energy homeostasis through microbial metabolites and satiety-related signaling. This study evaluated whether\n Lactiplantibacillus pentosus<\/jats:italic>\n CECT 8039 (\n L. pentosus<\/jats:italic>\n BB) modulates microbial fermentation, enteroendocrine responses, and metabolic and immune parameters associated with early diet-induced obesity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A dynamic multi-compartment colonic fermentation model was used to assess changes in cultivable microbial groups and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations following probiotic treatment. Fermentation samples were subsequently evaluated in STC-1 enteroendocrine cells and a Caco-2\/THP-1 co-culture model. In parallel, the metabolic and immunomodulatory effects of\n L. pentosus<\/jats:italic>\n BB were assessed in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 28 days.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Probiotic treatment selectively modulated cultivable microbial groups, increasing lactic acid bacteria and decreasing\n Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n spp. across the three simulated colonic compartments, while other groups showed region-dependent changes. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations increased in all three compartments; in the ascending colon, they increased 2.53-, 7.34-, and 5.08-fold, respectively, relative to the end of stabilization. Fermentation samples collected after probiotic treatment increased GLP-1 release, reaching statistical significance in the transverse-colon condition, while\n Pyy<\/jats:italic>\n mRNA expression increased significantly in the ascending and descending colon conditions and\n Cck<\/jats:italic>\n expression increased significantly in all three compartments.\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , HFD-fed mice showed a 34.9 \u00b1 5.5% body-weight gain, whereas probiotic supplementation was associated with a 13.2 \u00b1 4.7% lower relative body-weight gain compared with the HFD control group. In HFD-fed mice, probiotic supplementation reduced circulating resistin by 25.8 \u00b1 9.4% and leptin by 85.5 \u00b1 20.1%, whereas the change in adiponectin was not statistically significant. Immune responses were heterogeneous and depended on the experimental context.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n L. pentosus<\/jats:italic>\n BB was associated with increased colonic SCFA concentrations, enhanced enteroendocrine responses, and partial attenuation of HFD-associated metabolic alterations. These findings support a functional association between probiotic-modulated microbial fermentation and host endocrine and metabolic responses, although direct SCFA-mediated causality remains to be established.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1882392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:16:23Z","timestamp":1788412583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial metabolite\u2013mediated modulation of enteroendocrine and immune pathways by Lactiplantibacillus pentosus CECT 8039 in early diet-induced obesity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Veciana-Galindo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biopartner SL","place":["Alcoy, Alicante, 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