{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T10:24:21Z","timestamp":1787048661043,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graves\u2019 disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can lead to serious health problems. Treatment options for Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism have not changed in several decades and include antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), and thyroidectomy. Few literature reviews comprehensively evaluating the burden of Graves\u2019 disease, including epidemiological, clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes, have been published since the American Thyroid Association and European Thyroid Association treatment guidelines for Graves\u2019 disease were developed in 2016 and 2018, respectively. In this review, we evaluate the disease burden, treatment landscape, unmet needs, and research gaps among adult patients with Graves\u2019 disease. Significant clinical and humanistic burden is observed in patients with Graves\u2019 disease, including treated patients, compared to control populations. Across global survey studies, over 90% of clinicians preferred ATDs compared to RAI and thyroidectomy as the first-line treatment of Graves\u2019 disease; however, a reported 37% to 76% of patients who achieve euthyroidism with a first-line course of ATDs will subsequently relapse. Although long-term use (&amp;gt;2 years) of low-dose ATDs can improve relapse rates compared with conventional ATD treatment (12\u201318 months), a subset of patients will not achieve sufficient control of their hyperthyroidism with an initial course of ATDs and approximately one-fifth of patients will experience adverse effects with long-term ATDs. Limited evidence on the economic burden of Graves\u2019 disease was identified. Results suggest ATDs or thyroidectomy are both more cost-effective than RAI. In conclusion, patients with Graves\u2019 disease experience substantial clinical and humanistic disease burden that current treatment options do not adequately address. While this targeted literature review was guided by a protocol, qualitative evidence synthesis is limited due to its nonsystematic nature. Further evaluation based on robust, real-world evidence studies is needed to understand the long-term impact of Graves\u2019 disease and care needs throughout a patient\u2019s lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1884624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:26:46Z","timestamp":1787045206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Graves\u2019 disease: review of disease characteristics, burden, and treatments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lesley-Ann","family":"Miller-Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunovant, Inc.","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermo Fisher Scientific","place":["Waltham, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylle M.","family":"Tollefsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunovant, Inc.","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ronnebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermo Fisher Scientific","place":["Waltham, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Norregaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermo Fisher Scientific","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University Medical Center","place":["Palo Alto, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of Graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","article-title":"2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19052","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism: a review","volume":"330","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0184-y","article-title":"Graves' disease","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101388","article-title":"Graves' disease: clinical manifestations, immune pathogenesis (cytokines and chemokines) and therapy","volume":"34","author":"Antonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad538","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with Graves disease 25 years after initiating antithyroid drug therapy","volume":"109","author":"Meling Stokland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae222","article-title":"A 2023 international survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves disease: a decade of change","volume":"109","author":"Villagelin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Zanocco\n              K\n            \n            \n              Sturgeon\n              C\n            \n          \n          Thyroidectomy for Graves\u2019 \u2013 Surgical Option\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Methimazole","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Awosika","year":"2026"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Radioactive iodine therapy","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Padda","year":"2026"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.01.022","article-title":"Risk factors for the relapse of Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13873","article-title":"Predicting outcomes and complications following radioiodine therapy in Graves' thyrotoxicosis","volume":"90","author":"Aung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.07.029","article-title":"Assessing American Thyroid Association guidelines for total thyroidectomy in Graves' disease","volume":"245","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2019.100183","article-title":"The value of total thyroidectomy as the definitive treatment for Graves' disease: a single centre experience of 594 cases","volume":"16","author":"Cipolla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s1824-4785.22.03468-9","article-title":"A retrospective study with long term follow-up of Graves' disease patients treated with low activities of 131Iodine","volume":"68","author":"Neumann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-23-0292","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism incidence in a large population-based study in northeastern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Censi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00457-9","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK","volume":"401","author":"Conrad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Long-term outcome of the thyroid function in Graves' disease: a nationwide Danish register study","volume-title":"Endocrine Abstracts","author":"Eriksen","year":"2023"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(19)30059-2","article-title":"Primary therapy of Graves' disease and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a linked-record cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Okosieme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02111-8","article-title":"Effect of Graves' disease on the prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.10.001","article-title":"The association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with Graves' disease (with or without ophthalmopathy): review of the literature and report of a large series","volume":"18","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.1987","article-title":"TSHR gene (rs179247) polymorphism and susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Zufry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01300-x","article-title":"Gene polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines may affect the risk of Graves' disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01450-y","article-title":"What is the impact of stress on the onset and anti-thyroid drug therapy in patients with graves' disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01479-z","article-title":"Change in newly diagnosed Graves' disease phenotype between the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries: meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"44","author":"Ippolito","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03656-5","article-title":"Risk of recurrence at the time of withdrawal of short- or long-term methimazole therapy in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism: a randomized trial and a risk-scoring model","volume":"84","author":"Azizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14719","article-title":"Postradioiodine Graves' management: the PRAGMA study","volume":"97","author":"Perros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14296","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves' disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"93","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.761782","article-title":"Treatment modality and risk of heart failure in patients with long-standing Graves' disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/ENM.2021.1251","article-title":"Risk of diabetes in patients with long-standing Graves' disease: a longitudinal study","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0672","article-title":"Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter, aggravated by duration of hyperthyroidism, are associated with Alzheimer's and vascular dementia: a registry-based long-term follow-up of two large cohorts","volume":"30","author":"Folkestad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70037","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0162","article-title":"Fracture incidence in Graves' disease: a population-based study","volume":"33","author":"Khamisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2023.0073","article-title":"Long-term outcome of Graves' disease: a gender perspective","volume":"4","author":"Calissendorff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Women's Health Rep (New Rochelle NY)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0315","article-title":"Impaired quality of life after radioiodine therapy compared to antithyroid drugs or surgical treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism: a long-term follow-up with the Thyroid-Related Patient-Reported Outcome Questionnaire and 36-Item Short Form Health Status survey","volume":"29","author":"Torring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0285","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes following total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease","volume":"32","author":"Gunn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-23-0247","article-title":"Psychiatric complications in Graves' disease","volume":"13","author":"Holmberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-23-0040","article-title":"The relationship between mental fatigue, depression, and cognition in Graves' disease","volume":"12","author":"Johansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-01997-8","article-title":"Effect of 9 months of vitamin D supplementation on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in Graves' disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"66","author":"Grove-Laugesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.02.002","article-title":"Bridging and validation of the specific Graves Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life Questionnaire with health state utility values","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000508071","article-title":"Predictive factors for changes in quality of life after steroid treatment for active moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy: a prospective trial","volume":"9","author":"Hoppe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0411","article-title":"The effect of ophthalmic surgery for Graves' orbitopathy on quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Woo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01862-y","article-title":"Sirolimus as a second-line treatment for Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"45","author":"Lanzolla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614949","article-title":"Teprotumumab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"376","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910434","article-title":"Teprotumumab for the treatment of active thyroid eye disease","volume":"382","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0031","article-title":"Long-term methimazole therapy in Graves' hyperthyroidism and adverse reactions: a Danish multicenter study","volume":"11","author":"Karmisholt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znab474","article-title":"Long-term outcome of patients treated with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine or surgery for persistent or relapsed Graves' disease","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004828","article-title":"Outcomes of Graves' disease patients following antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or thyroidectomy as the first-line treatment","volume":"273","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.06.044","article-title":"Total thyroidectomy is more cost-effective than radioactive iodine as an alternative to antithyroid medication for Graves' disease","volume":"173","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.06.017","article-title":"Thionamide-induced agranulocytosis: a retrospective analysis of 36 patients with hyperthyroidism","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70034","article-title":"Analysis of cost and treatment effects in the care given for Graves' disease: a Swedish cost-utility analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lindholm","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0222","article-title":"Antithyroid drugs-the most common treatment for Graves' disease in the United States: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Brito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-021-00097-y","article-title":"Practice patterns and outcomes in the management of Thai patients with Graves' disease","volume":"14","author":"Thewjitcharoen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000657","article-title":"Treatment of Graves' disease in Brazil: results of a survey among endocrinologists","volume":"67","author":"Villagelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1490","article-title":"Preferences of patients and clinicians for treatment of Graves' disease: a discrete choice experiment","volume":"184","author":"van Kinschot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.244","article-title":"Treatment of patients with Graves' disease in Sweden compared to international surveys of an 'index patient'","volume":"4","author":"Sjolin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15266","article-title":"British thyroid association survey of graves' Disease management in the UK","volume":"103","author":"Atkinson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0132","article-title":"Patterns of use, efficacy, and safety of treatment options for patients with Graves' disease: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"30","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0085","article-title":"The long-term outcome of treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"29","author":"Sj\u00f6lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14709","article-title":"The prevalence and significance of nonuniform thyroid radio-isotope uptake in patients with Graves' disease","volume":"97","author":"Abdalaziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02725-x","article-title":"The longer the antithyroid drug is used, the lower the relapse rate in Graves' disease: a retrospective multicenter cohort study in Korea","volume":"74","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-00670-w","article-title":"Control of Graves' hyperthyroidism with very long-term methimazole treatment: a clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Azizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0180","article-title":"Increased remission rates after long-term methimazole therapy in patients with Graves' disease: results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Azizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01823-5","article-title":"Treatment of post-radioactive iodine relapse of hyperthyroidism: comparison of long-term methimazole and radioactive iodine treatment","volume":"45","author":"Saadat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem-140956","article-title":"Sustained euthyroidism during thionamide antithyroid drug treatment: comparison of short-and long-term methimazole therapy","volume":"22","author":"Saadat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1705740","article-title":"Benefits of long-term continuation of low-dose methimazole therapy in the prevention of recurrent hyperthyroidism in Graves' hyperthyroid patients: a randomized prospective controlled study","volume":"2022","author":"Lertwattanarak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0652","article-title":"Long-term antithyroid drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Azizi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5587361","article-title":"Effects of antioxidant supplementation on Graves' disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"2023","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae472","article-title":"Effects of low-dose methotrexate with MMI in patients with Graves' disease: results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"110","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0189","article-title":"Management of thyroid eye disease: a Consensus Statement by the American Thyroid Association and the European Thyroid Association","volume":"11","author":"Burch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0479","article-title":"The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"185","author":"Bartalena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"Graves' Disease Remission Study: Mycometh Combo (3M-RGD)\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B73","unstructured":"Study to Assess Batoclimab in Participants With Active Thyroid Eye Disease\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"Study to Assess Batoclimab in Participants With Active Thyroid Eye Disease\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B75","unstructured":"Extension Study to Assess Batoclimab in Participants With Thyroid Eye Disease\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"A Multicenter, Open-Label Extension Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of IBI311 in Subjects With Thyroid Eye Disease\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"A Study of IBI311 in Subjects With Steroid-Resistant, Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"MHB018A Treatment in Patients With Active Thyroid Eye Disease\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B79","unstructured":"A Phase 2b, Study of Linsitinib in Subjects With Active, Moderate to Severe Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) (LIDS)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Extension Study of Two Doses of Linsitinib in Subjects With Active, Moderate to Severe Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B81","unstructured":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Satralizumab in Participants With Thyroid Eye Disease (Satrago-1)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B82","unstructured":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Satralizumab in Participants With Thyroid Eye Disease (Satrago-2)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"A Trial to Investigate Teprotumumab Subcutaneous Administration Compared With Placebo in Male and Female Adult Participants With Moderate-to-Severe Active Thyroid Eye Disease\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"An Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of Veligrotug (VRDN-001), in Participants With Chronic Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) (THRIVE-2)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B85","unstructured":"A Randomized, Controlled, Safety and Tolerability Study of VRDN-001 in Participants With Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) (STRIVE)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B86","unstructured":"An Open-Label Study for non-Responders of VRDN-001-101 and VRDN-001-301 (OLE)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B87","unstructured":"A Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Study of Veligrotug (VRDN 001) in Healthy Volunteers and Participants With Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) (THRIVE)\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B88","unstructured":"An Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of VRDN-003 in Participants With Active Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) (REVEAL-1)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B89","unstructured":"An Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of VRDN-003 in Participants With Chronic Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) (REVEAL-2)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B90","unstructured":"A Safety and Tolerability Study of VRDN-003 in Participants With Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B91","unstructured":"A Study of Efgartigimod PH20 SC Given by Prefilled Syringe in Adults With Thyroid Eye Disease (Uplighted)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"A Study of Efgartigimod PH20 SC Given by Prefilled Syringe in Adults With Thyroid Eye Disease (Uplighted)\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030500","article-title":"Graves' Disease: is it time for targeted therapy? A narrative review","volume":"61","author":"Viola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B94","unstructured":"Immunovant Provides Update on Graves\u2019 Disease Development Program\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B95","unstructured":"A Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of IMVT-1402 as Treatment for Adult Participants With Graves' Disease\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B96","unstructured":"A Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of IMVT-1402 as Treatment for Adult Participants With Graves' Disease\n          \n          2026"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1884624\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:26:50Z","timestamp":1787045210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1884624\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1884624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1884624","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"article-number":"1884624"}}